when sea surface temperature (SST) was higher than average. Major influxes of tropical and subtropical fishes apparently occur during warm summers, although some warm periods were not accompanied by influxes, and a few tropical and subtropical fishes arrived when SST was average or below average. The most likely upstream source of reef fish larvae is Norfolk Island, and the principal transport mechanism is probably the East Auckland Current. The discovery in north-eastern New Zealand of single individuals of Parma kermadecensis and the yellow form of Chrysiptera rapanui, both previously regarded as Kermadec Islands endemics, provides evidence for occasional larval transport from the Kermadecs to north-eastern New Zealand.

Teaching ethics incorporates teaching of knowledge as well as skills and attitudes. Each of these requires different teaching and assessment methods. A core curriculum of ethics knowledge must address both the foundations of ethics and specific ethical topics. Ethical skills teaching focuses on the development of ethical awareness, moral reasoning, communication and collaborative action skills. Attitudes that are important for medical students to develop include honesty, integrity and trustworthiness, empathy and compassion, respect, and responsibility, as well as critical self‐appraisal and commitment to lifelong education.

The ability to fabricate Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (cMUTs) and signal conditioning electronics together on the same silicon substrate offers significant benefits to overall transducer performance, and simplifies connectivity within a dense 2D transducer array. This integration of cMUTs and electronics has been demonstrated utilising a lowtemperature silicon nitride membrane technology, postprocessed onto CMOS-ASIC substrates. Successful results from fabricated arrays of cMUTs and front-end analogue amplifiers confirm the integration to be relatively simple and highly manufacturable. optimum method of integrating transducers and electronics on the same substrate. This paper presents the fabrication of cMUTs using a low-temperature silicon nitride membrane technology, thus enabling transducers to be fabricated directly onto a silicon substrate containing prefabricated electronics. This results in an inherent lowparasitic connectivity to individual transducer elements within an array, whilst retaining full flexibility in controlling the fundamental device properties which determine the transducers' subsequent acoustical performance.

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