The CSIR Built-Environment, in conjunction with the University of Pretoria and the Cement and Concrete Institute of South Africa, developed a low cost option for the upgrading of unsurfaced (gravel) roads. The proposed solution is the placing of a thin layer of normal concrete reinforced with 5.6mm diameter steel with a mesh grid size of 200mm. This thin layer is placed on top of the existing unsurfaced road with minimal preparation to the existing road surface using labourintensive construction methods.Through full-scale trials this type of upgrading proved to be adequate for low-volume traffic applications (e.g. residential streets) as well as for higher-volume applications (e.g. bus routes). During the trials test sections were subjected to a total of over 700,000 ESALs over a period of 5 years without showing any deterioration.In order to determine the structural capacity of this type of overlay full-scale Heavy Vehicle Simulator tests were conducted. This paper summarizes the initial results from the accelerated pavement testing (APT) tests and is aimed at building confidence in the use of thin-layer CRCP, with cognizance being taken of the pavement structure, support conditions, construction, climate and traffic.

In 2009, the National Route 1 Section 1 between km 56.1 and km 61.5, located North East of Paarl in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, was rehabilitated and widened. As part of the rehabilitation and widening contract the downhill truck crawler lane was constructed as an experimental pavement section. This experimental pavement section was constructed with a 50 mm thick Ultra-Thin Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement (UTCRCP). Early in 2010 sections of the experimental UTCRCP started to fail and consequently necessitated repair. In October 2014 a service provider was appointed for the special maintenance of the truck crawler lane on the National Route 1 Section 1. The project called for the reinstatement of the failed experimental UTCRCP with a re-engineered UTCRCP and a Enrobé à Module Élevé (EME) asphalt base layer with an Ultra-Thin Friction Course (UTFC), at various locations along the southbound (downhill) truck crawler lane. The project objective was specifically formulated to enable a long term performance comparison of both the re-engineered UTCRCP and the EME with UTFC under repeated traffic loading. The focus of this paper is the documentation and assessment of the initial pavement (structural analysis) and material design process, the construction of the UTCRCP, with cognizance of the challenges experienced during construction as well as the initial performance comparison. EME will not be discussed in this paper.

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Abraham Kuyper, race and nation and South Africa In the p a st various Afrikaans-speaking theologians have applied viewpoints o f the well-known D tnch scholar a n d reform ed theologian Abraham K uyper (1837Abraham K uyper ( -1920 Tcma in 'n probleemveldDie laaste woord in die wetenskaplike besinning oor die moontiike verbandtussen die standpunte van die veelsydige Nederlandse geleerde, Abraham Kuyper (1837Kuyper ( -1920, en apartheid in Suid-Afrika, is nog lank nie gespreek nie. So dikw els as wat die vraag oor die steun uit refom iatoriese kringe aan apartheid of afsonderlike ontwikkeling in hierdie debat opduik, so dikw els bestaan die moontlikheid dat die naain van Kuyper in die gesprek kan voorkom. (V ir 'n resente beskouing oor Kuyper en hierdie saak, vergelyk Sinit, 1992:88.) O or die presiese verband tussen Kuyper en 'n fundering van apartheid in SuidAfrika loop die inenings in tw ee hoofrigtings uiteen.Enersyds is (was?) sommige voorstanders van die apartheidsbeleid van oortuiging dat 'n behoorlike bestudering van Kuyper se standpunte oor rasse en volke - In die Sknflig 27(3) 1993:323-336 Ï Ï } Abraham Kuyper, ras en volk -en Suid-Afrikabinne die raamwerk van sy kosmologie -jo u tot geen ander opsie kan lei nie as steun aan, soos dit genoem word, 'veelvorm ige' o f afsonderlike ontwikkeling in Suid-Afnka (vgl. Potgieter, 1956:7,11; 1978:17; N GK, 1966:90,93-95,112,114; Van W yk, 1978:15). In hierdie aanspraak word hulle deur sommige felle kritici van die beleid toegegee. So meen Verkuyl dat teoloë w at 'n Bybelse 'bolw erk' aan 'n beleid van politieke en ekonomiese 'eksploitasie' verskaf het, tereg in Kuyper se leer oor die skeppingsordeninge 'n aanknopingspunt kon vind (1968:31). Viljoen (1980:45) sk ry f'n Christelik-nasionale ideologic en kollektiewe roepingsbewussyn toe aan Kuyper se konsep van die algemene genade. Hierdie ideologic en kollektiewe roepingsbewussyn, meen hy, kon by 'die' Afrikaner in sy steun aan apartheid w aargeneem word.Andersyds bew eer ander kritici van apartheid dat die denksisteem van Kuyper misbruik o f verkeerd verstaan is in die aanwending daarvan vir 'n flindcring van die beleid (Dc Gruchy, 1984:107; Smit, 1989:54

Socio-political changes in the Dutch Reformed Church: Reflected in church orders 1962 and 1998. The Confessio Belgica or Dutch Confession of Faith (1561), article 29 confesses 3 indications regarding the marks of a true church: the scriptural-based preaching of God’s Word, the scriptural service of the sacraments, and the maintaining of church discipline. A reformed church order gives guidelines how this should be achieved practically by the church. In applying itself to the entire life of a church, its church order normally reflects aspects of the present societal surroundings of this church. This is especially true of important socio-political changes of which the church, as part of society, and with its order made in that situation, normally gives indications. In being a visible church, every organised church gives reflections of some of its ties with the state authorities of the country and its politics. These reflections also communicate something of the approach of this church to these issues. The norm for the articles of a reformed church order should be the Word of God, but in guiding the church to fulfil its task, a church order also reflects aspects of the customs and culture in which it finds itself.Contribution: This article formulates the purpose of a church order and the fact that such an order carries reflections of the societal customs and values in the context of that church. From a church-historical and church-political perspective, a research study of the church orders of the Dutch Reformed Church of 1962 and 1998 is used to determine something of the stance of this church in the days of social unrest in the 1960s and social changes in South Africa in 1994.