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Background: The diaphragm is supplied by the superior and inferior phrenic arteries. This present study focusses on the latter. The inferior phrenic arteries (IPA) usually originate from the abdominal aorta. The two arteries have different origins, and knowledge of these is important when performing related surgical interventions and interventional radiological procedures. The aim of this study was to identify variations in the origin of the IPA and conduct relevant morphometric analyses. Materials and methods: The anatomical variations in the origins of the Left Inferior Phrenic Artery (LIPA) and the Right Inferior Phrenic Artery (RIPA) were examined in 48 cadavers fixed in 10% formalin solution. A dissection of the abdominal region of the cadavers was performed according to a pre-established protocol using traditional techniques. Morphometric measurements were then taken twice by two of the researchers. Result: In the cadavers, six types of origin were observed. In Type 1, the most common type, the RIPA and LIPA originate from the abdominal aorta (AA) (14 = 29.12%). In Type 2, the RIPA and the LIPA originate from the celiac trunk (CT) (12 = 24.96%). In Type 3, the RIPA and the LIPA originate from the left gastric artery (LGA), with no CT observed (3 = 6.24%). Type 4 has two subtypes: 4A, in which the LIPA originates from the abdominal aorta (AA) and the RIPA originates from the CT (9 = 18.72%) and 4B, in which the RIPA originates from the AA and the LIPA originates from the CT (6 = 12.48%). In Type 5, the LIPA originates from the AA and the RIPA originates from the AA (1 = 2.08%). Type 6 is characterized by the RIPA and LIPA forming a common trunk originating from the CT (3 = 6.24%). Conclusions: Our findings suggest the presence of six different types of LIPA and RIPA origin. The most common form is Type 1, characterized by an IPA originating from the abdominal aorta, while the second most common is Type 2, in which the IPA originates from the AA by a common trunk. The diversity of other types of origin is associated with the occurrence of celiac trunk variation (Type 3). No significant differences in RIPA diameter could be found, whereas LIPA diameter could vary significantly. No significant differences in RIPA and the LIPA diameter could be found according to sex.

Objectives: Trisomy 18 is an autosomal chromosomal disorder, which is associated with numerous ranges of congenital anomalies. Purpose of this largest study in Poland was to analyze diagnosis and follow-up of fetuses with the prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 18 in our tertiary center. Material and methods:The study was conducted in a tertiary center for fetal cardiology. The inclusion criteria comprised fetuses with karyotype of Trisomy 18. Data on number of delivery, number of pregnancy, cardiac and extracardiac diseases, type and date of childbirth, sex, birth date, Apgar score, survival time and autopsy were analyzed.Results: There were 41 fetuses with diagnosis confirmed by amniocentesis: 34 were females, 7 males. CHD was detected prenatally in 73% cases at mean gestational age of 26 weeks. The most common CHD was AV-canal (13 cases, 43%) and VSD (13 cases, 43%). In 1999-2010 the average time to detect a heart defect was 29 weeks, in 2011-2021 it was 23 weeks (p < 0.01, U-Mann-Whitney). IUGR was diagnosed in the 3 rd trimester in 29 cases (70%), polyhydramnion in 21 cases (51%).Conclusions: Congenital heart defects in female fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction in 3 rd trimester with polyhydramnios and in subsequent pregnancy, regardless of maternal age, were typical prenatal findings for Trisomy 18. Heart defects with incomplete septum such as AVC or VSD (which nowadays can be detected in the 1 st half of the pregnancy) were the most common anomaly in Edwards Syndrome. These heart defects did not require intervention in the early neonatal period.

The main aim of this paper is to present three cases of persistent (patent) primitive trigeminal artery, presence was incidentally revealed during various radiological examinations. The presence and function of these vessels in extrauterine life is sometimes associated with other vascular abnormalities e.g. aneurysms, hemangiomas, moyamoya disease but frequently found incidentally without any negative signs or symptoms. The presented cases of patients with primitive trigeminal artery clearly show that the reported ailments, which had made the diagnostic imagining necessary, were not associated with the patency of this artery.