Materials and methods
Animals and sample collectionExperiment procedures were approved by the Animal Usage and Ethics Committee, Kasetsart University, Thailand (ID no. ACKU 01858). Ten Asian elephants were used in this study. The experiment was carried out with the sperm-rich fraction of the ejaculate, being manually collected once a month, by transrectal massage of the ampullary region (12). Two ejaculates per elephant,
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