SARS-CoV-2 is a novel β-coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic disease, which spread rapidly, infecting more than 134 million people, and killing almost 2.9 million thus far. Based on the urgent need for therapeutic and prophylactic strategies, the identification and characterization of antibodies has been accelerated, since they have been fundamental in treating other viral diseases. Here, we summarized in an integrative manner the present understanding of the immune response and physiopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, including the activation of the humoral immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection and therefore, the synthesis of antibodies. Furthermore, we also discussed about the antibodies that can be generated in COVID-19 convalescent sera and their associated clinical studies, including a detailed characterization of a variety of human antibodies and identification of antibodies from other sources, which have powerful neutralizing capacities. Accordingly, the development of effective treatments to mitigate COVID-19 is expected. Finally, we reviewed the challenges faced in producing potential therapeutic antibodies and nanobodies by cell factories at an industrial level while ensuring their quality, efficacy, and safety.

Plants are a source of multiple antineoplastic treatments. However, the effect of many species used in traditional medicine has yet to be demonstrated. In this work, the taxonomic identification of Agave mapisagawas made and a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) study suggested the presence of the aglycone hecogenin, which is part of compounds such as agavoside C and cantalasaponin 4. The antineoplastic activity of an aqueous extract was tested in vitroand in vivoon PEC-Src epithelial murine prostate cancer cells. In vitrostudy revelead a significant chemosensivity at 0.125mg/100μL(p=0.0001). Also, in in vivo, using an isotransplantation model with 1x106cells subcutaneously, it was observed that the group treated with 50 mg/kg presented a lower tumor implantation compared with the control without treatment (p=0.04).

Cancer mice models are critical for immune-oncology research; they provide conditions to explore tumor immunoenviroment aiming knowledge advance and treatment development. Often, research groups breed their own mice colonies. To assess the effect of C57BL/6 mice breeding nuclei in prostate cancer development and intratumoral macrophage populations, a isotransplantation experiment was performed. C57BL/6J mice from two breeding nuclei (nA and nB) were employed for prostate adenocarcinoma TRAMP-C1 cells implantation, tumor growth period and intratumoral macrophage profile were measured. 54% of BL/6nB mice showed tumor implantation and growth period was 69 days, meanwhile BL/6nA implantation reached 100% and tumor growth occur in 28 days. No difference of total macrophage populations was observed between groups within several tumoral regions, significant higher M2 macrophage profile were founded in tumor microenviroment from both mice groups. Nevertheless, BL/6nB tumors showed around twice populations of M1 profile (11% -27%) than BL6nA (4% -15%) and less non-polarized macrophages. M2:M1 average ratio was 8:1 for A group and 4.2:1 for B. Our results demonstrate different tumor progression and intratumoral macrophage populations among mice from same substrain. Data obtained in this study shows the relevance of animal sources renewing for better control of murine cancer model variables.

SUMMARYIn most intensive pig production systems piglets are weaned at 3 weeks of age, which creates stress because of feeding changes and hierarchy. This increases the incidence of respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, poor weight gain and cause economic losses. Dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) can enhance the immune response by increasing the levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ). In this study we evaluated the effect of porcine DLE (DLEp), when applied 7 times intradermally in piglets during the first four weeks at two different doses. Forty eight piglets were divided into 3 groups of 16 animals each. Group A: high dose (77 mg/kg), group B: low dose (17 mg/kg), group C: control (sodium chloride). Blood and serum samples were obtained at days 0, 14 and 30 for leukocyte accounts by haemogram and IFN-γ quantification by ELISA. In addition, we determined the daily incidence of diarrhea and respiratory symptoms and measured the weight of the animals studied. The high dose (77 μg/kg), produced a significant increase in serum IFN-γ concentration in the third sampling (d = 2,288, α = 0.05, P = 0.003). The rest of the variables analyzed showed no significant difference between the treated and the control groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: applying seven DLEP doses intradermally in weaned pigs significantly increased IFN-γ concentration in the serum at 30 days post treatment.Key words: dialyzable leukocyte extract, gamma interferon, piglets. RESUMENEn la mayoría de los sistemas intensivos de producción porcina se desteta a los lechones a las 3 semanas de edad, lo que genera estrés por el cambio de alimentación y jerarquización. Esto aumenta la incidencia de cuadros respiratorios, diarreas, baja las ganancias de peso y causa pérdidas económicas. El extracto leucocitario dializable (DLE) puede mejorar la respuesta inmune al aumentar los niveles de IFN-γ. En el presente trabajo se valoró el efecto del DLE porcino (DLEp) al ser aplicado 7 veces por vía intradérmica en lechones durante las primeras cuatro semanas del destete a dos dosis diferentes. Se utilizaron 48 lechones divididos en 3 grupos de 16 animales. Grupo A: dosis alta (77 µg/kg), grupo B: dosis baja (17 µg/kg), grupo C: testigos (solución salina). Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre completa y suero a los días 0, 14 y 30 para realizar cuentas leucocitarias por hemograma y la cuantificación de IFN-γ por ELISA. Además se determinó la incidencia diaria de diarreas y cuadros respiratorios y se midió el peso de todos los animales estudiados. La dosis alta (77 µg/kg), produjo un aumento significativo en la concentración de IFN-γ sérico en el tercer muestreo (d = 2,288, α = 0,05, P = 0,003). El resto de las variables analizadas no mostraron diferencia significativa entre los grupos tratados y el testigo (P > 0,05).Palabras clave: extracto leucocitario dializable, interferón gamma, lechones. INTRODUCCIÓNLa mayoría de los sistemas intensivos de crianza de cerdos en el mundo destetan a los lechones a las 3 semanas de edad. Lo anterior, sumado al estrés por el cambio de alimentación y j...