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Two hundred ischemic stroke patients and 193 age and sex matched healthy controls were studied for the presence of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Insertion/Deletion (ACE I/D) gene polymorphism. The PCR studies revealed that ACE ‘II’ (OR = 2.055; p = 0.004) genotype and ‘I’ (OR = 1.411; p = 0.018) alleles were significantly associated with IS patients. Gender specific analysis revealed a strong association of ‘II’ (OR = 2.044; p = 0.014) genotype and ‘I’ (OR = 1.531; p = 0.011) allele with male sex. Classification of patients based on TOAST criteria, revealed a significant association for ‘II’ genotype (OR = 1.713; p = 0.043) and ‘I’ (OR = 1.382; p = 0.039) allele in LVD patients only. When the data was stratified based on age and sex, a statistically significant association was observed for ACE ‘II’ genotype (OR = 2.288; p = 0.006) and ‘I’ allele (OR = 1.395; p = 0.054) in IS male patients of > 50 years of age. The ACE ‘D’ allele was found to be increased in controls (OR = 0.709; p = 0.018) than IS patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that smoking and diabetes were the most powerful independent risk factor in LVD type of stroke. Thus, we presented here an evidence for a strong association of ACE ‘II’ genotype and ‘I’ allele compounded by factors such as smoking and diabetes among south Indian IS patients.

The aim of present study was to elucidate the association of CTLA4 +49 A/G and HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* gene polymorphism in south Indian T1DM patients. The patients and controls (n = 196 each) were enrolled for CTLA4 and HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* genotyping by RFLP/PCR-SSP methods. The increased frequencies of CTLA4 'AG' (OR = 1.99; p = 0.001), 'GG' (OR = 3.94; p = 0.001) genotypes, and 'G' allele (OR = 2.42; p = 9.26 × 10) were observed in patients. Reduced frequencies of 'AA' (OR = 0.35; p = 7.19 × 10) and 'A' (OR = 0.41; p = 9.26 × 10) in patients revealed protective association. Among HLA-DRB1*/DQB1* alleles, DRB1*04 (OR = 3.29; p = 1.0 × 10), DRB1*03 (OR = 2.81; p = 1.9 × 10), DQB1*02:01 (OR = 2.93; p = 1.65 × 10), DQB1*02:02 (OR = 3.38; p = 0.0003), and DQB1*03:02 (OR = 7.72; p = 0.0003) were in susceptible association. Decreased frequencies of alleles, DRB1*15 (OR = 0.32; p = 2.55 × 10), DRB1*10 (OR = 0.45; p = 0.002), DQB1*06:01 (OR = 0.43; p = 0.0001), and DQB1*05:02 (OR = 0.28; p = 2.1 × 10) in patients were suggested protective association. The combination of DRB1*03+AG (OR = 5.21; p = 1.4 × 10), DRB1*04+AG (OR = 2.14; p = 0.053), DRB1*04+GG (OR = 5.21; p = 0.036), DQB1*02:01+AG (OR = 4.44; p = 3.6 × 10), DQB1*02:02+AG (OR = 20.9; p = 9.5 × 10), and DQB1*02:02+GG (OR = 4.06; p = 0.036) revealed susceptible association. However, the combination of DRB1*10+AA (OR = 0.35; p = 0.003), DRB1*15+AA (OR = 0.22; p = 5.3 × 10), DQB1*05:01+AA (OR = 0.45; p = 0.007), DQB1*05:02+AA (OR = 0.17; p = 1.7 × 10), DQB1*06:01+AA (OR = 0.40; p = 0.002), and DQB1*06:02+AG (OR = 0.34; p = 0.001) showed decreased frequency in patients, suggesting protective association. In conclusion, CTLA4/HLA-DR/DQ genotypic combinations revealed strong susceptible/protective association toward T1DM in south India. A female preponderance in disease associations was also documented.

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