Tomato necrotic ring virus (TNRV) is a newly identified species of tospovirus in Thailand. The virus is widely spread and causes severe yield losses of vegetable crops such as tomato and pepper. Chemical control of the vector, thrips species, is very difficult, and the introduction of virus resistance would be a better approach to manage the disease.. In a previous study, two related Capsicum annuum lines, PY-6423 and PY-6424, were identified, which conferred medium resistance to TNRV. These two resistant lines were employed in an inheritance study in order to determine the number of genes controlling resistance in C. annuum. Therefore, the susceptible parent Early California wonder (ECW) was crossed with the resistant lines and F1 progenies were backcrossed to the susceptible and resistant parents as well as F2 were made. Evaluation of the F1, F2 and BC S and BC R indicated that the inheritance of the resistance fits a single recessive gene model.

This study was carried out to investigate the protective effect of standardized γ-oryzanol-rich extracts on oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton reaction and antiproliferative activity against human cancer cells. Six cultivars of Thai purple rice were collected in northern Thailand. Rice bran was extracted with hexane/ethyl acetate mixture and the extract was evaporated to obtain crude rice bran oil. Each rice bran oil was further purified by column chromatography to obtain the γ-oryzanol-rich extract. The extracts contained γ-oryzanol in the range of 1.17 -7.54 % w/w, in which GAM THOR exhibited the highest γ-oryzanol content. The extr \acts containing more than 5.0 % w/w γ-oryzanol (GAM THOR, GAM DOI MUSUR and GAM SUKHOTHAI-2) were selected to be standardized with γ-oryzanol and then the protective effect on oxidative DNA damage and antiproliferative activity against four human cancer cell lines (HT-29, HCT 116, MDA-MB-468 and PC3) were investigated. The extracts (10 µg/ml) exhibited a protective effect on oxidative DNA damage induced by Fenton reaction as compared with standard quercetin (lower than 5 µg/ml). Furthermore, all of the extracts exerted antiproliferative activity against human cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. GAM THOR exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against HT-29, HCT 116, MDA-MB-468 and PC3 with an 50% inhibition concentration value of 52.18 ± 1.21, 40.58 ± 5.69, 48.59 ± 2.40 and 51.61 ± 1.30 µg/ml, respectively. From these findings, γ-oryzanolrich extracts from Thai purple rice bran show potential as chemopreventive supplements or in nutraceuticals.