Artificial selective breeding of man-induced breeds of dogs and cats has had major impacts mainly on the welfare of these animals. Although it spawned a wide variety of breeds, the modifications made in their anatomical structures inevitably entailed physiological and behavioral changes in some canine and feline breeds, bringing great consequences to them. By interfering in the anatomical conformation of the skull bones of dogs and cats by modifying the shape and size of the head, there is a narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to pass air. Consequently, respiratory disorders affected the animals with short snout causing the Brachycephalic Airway Obstruction Syndrome (Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome-BOAS) or Brachycephalic Syndrome. This syndrome is characterized mainly by disorders of the airways, which lead to the obstruction of the same of progressive form. The abnormalities that compose them are composed of anatomical changes classified as primary and secondary that can be treated if identified, although not all of them can be corrected surgically. It is a progressive disease, leading to secondary changes that may be irreversible to the animal. Such changes are consequences of a process of chronic obstruction caused by the primary abnormalities of the syndrome. Due to the importance of its knowledge by the veterinarian, this work aimed to perform a literature review aimed mainly at the main anatomical abnormalities of the airways that contribute to the Brachycephalic Airway Obstructive Syndrome, and their respective surgical indications.