Fritsch M. and Mueller P. (2004) Effects of new business formation on regional development over time, Regional Studies38, 961-975. In the analysis of the impact of new business formation on regional employment change, considerable time lags were identified. The structure and extent of these time lags were investigated by applying the Almon lag model and it was found that new firms can have both a positive and a negative effect on regional employment. The results indicate that the indirect effects of new business formation (crowding out of competitors, improvement of supply conditions and improved competitiveness) are of greater magnitude than the direct effect, i.e. the jobs created in the new entities. The peak of the positive impact of new businesses on regional development is reached about 8 years after entry. Fritsch M. et Mueller P. (2004) Les effets temporels de la creation d'entreprise sur l'amenagement du territoire, Regional Studies38, 961-975. Cette analyse des effets de la creation d'entreprise sur l'amenagement du terriotire identifie d'importants decalages dans le temps. On examine la structure et la portee de ces decalages en appliquant le modele Almon. Il s'avere que les nouvelles entreprises font preuves d'effets postifs et negatifs sur l'emploi regional. Les resultats portent a croire que les effets indirects de la creation d'entreprise (l'eviction des concurrents, l'amelioration des conditions de l'offre, et une competitivite accrue) sont d'une plus grande importance que ne l'est l'effet direct, c'est a dire les emplois crees dans les nouveaux etablissements. L'effet positif des nouvelles entreprises sur l'amenagement du territoire touche a son maximum environ huit annees apres la creation de celles-la. Fritsch M. und Mueller P. (2004) Der Einfluss von Grundungsprozessen auf die Regionalentwicklung im Zeitablauf, Regional Studies38, 961-975. Fur den Einfluss von Grundungsaktivitaten auf die Regionalentwicklung lassen sich erhebliche Zeitverzogerungen feststellen. Wir analysieren das Ausmass und die Struktur dieser Zeitverzogerungen mit dem Almon-Lag Verfahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Grundungen sowohl einen positiven als auch einen negativen Einfluss auf das Beschaftigungsniveau haben konnen. Allgemein scheinen die indirekten Effekte des Grundungsgeschehens (Verdrangung etablierter Konkurrenten, Verbesserung des Angebots und gesteigerte Wettbewerbsfahigkeit) starker ausgepragt zu sein als der direkte Effekt, gemessen als die in den neuen Firmen entstandenen Arbeitsplatze. Das Maximum des positiven Einflusses der Grundungen auf die Regionalenwicklung wird nach ca. acht Jahren erreicht. Fritsch M. y Mueller P. (2004) Los efectos de la formacion de nuevas empresas en el desarrollo regional a lo largo del tiempo, Regional Studies38, 961-975. En el analisis del impacto de la formacion de nuevas empresas sobre la variacion en el empleo regional se identifican retardos temporales considerables. Nosostros investigamos la estructura y el grado de estos retardos mediante la aplicacion del modelo de re...

Much of the theoretical work on industry dynamics focuses on the role of 'noisy' selection and incomplete information on firm entry and survival. We extend this research by looking at the impact of firm heterogeneity on employment effects for 320 U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA). We find that only start-ups with greater than 20 and less than 500 employees have persistent employment effects over time and only in large diversified metropolitan regions. Therefore, both the type of entry (Gazelles) and the characteristics of the region are important for employment growth.

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This paper employs data from the German Socioeconomic Panel (SOEP) and data from the German Social Insurance Statistics to study nascent entrepreneurship. In particular, micro data from the SOEP characterizing employees and nascent entrepreneurs is combined with data characterizing the entrepreneurial environment. The principal findings suggest that individuals are embedded in their local entrepreneurial environment which influences an individual especially at the beginning of the decision process about whether to become self-employed. Work and previous self-employment experience is more important than formal education for the likelihood of being a nascent entrepreneur. Furthermore, social capital is an important stimulus for nascent entrepreneurs. Finally, the results indicate that financial assets are less important for nascent entrepreneurs. Copyright Springer 2006entrepreneurship, SOEP, self-employment, young and small firms, J23, M13, R12,

We investigate the effects of new business formation on employment change in German regions. A special focus is on the lag-structure of this effect and on differences between regions. The different phases of the effects of new business formation on regional development are relatively pronounced in agglomerations as well as in regions with a high-level of labor productivity. In lowproductivity regions, the overall employment effect of new business formation activity might be negative. The interregional differences indicate that regional factors play an important role.Keywords Entrepreneurship Á New business formation Á Regional development Á Germany JEL Classifications M13 Á O1 Á O18 Á R11 Á O12 Á L26 Aims and scopeRecent studies have shown very clearly that the impact of new business formation on regional development is distributed over a longer period of time (Audretsch and Fritsch 2002; Mueller 2004, 2006;van Stel and Storey 2004). Moreover, these studies revealed pronounced differences in the magnitude of the effect across regions. This paper extends our earlier work on the impact of new business formation on regional development in Germany Mueller 2004, 2006) in analyzing regional differences in much more detail. In contrast to our earlier study, we perform the analysis on the level of planning regions instead of districts as spatial units. Planning regions may be better suited as units of analysis because they account for economic interaction between districts. For this reason, the analysis is less likely to be subject to spatial autocorrelation.The following section gives a brief overview of the main evidence found by earlier investigations of the effect of new business formation on economic 123Small Bus Econ (2008) 30:15-29 DOI 10.1007 development in Germany. Section 3 addresses data and measurement issues. The analysis of the short-, medium-, and long-term impact of new business formation on regional employment is reported in Sect. 4. Differences in the effects across regions are investigated in Sect. 5. The final section draws conclusions for policy as well as for further research.2 New business formation and regional development in Germany-an overview of the empirical studiesThe first empirical analyses of the employment effects of new business formation with comprehensive data from the German economy followed a 'job-turnover' approach (Cramer and Koller 1988; Boerie and Cramer 1992, Gerlach andWagner 1993; Koenig and Weißhuhn 1990a, b). A main shortcoming of these analyses is that only the initial employment of the start-ups in their first year is counted as their contribution to employment. The development of start-ups in the following years was assigned to the incumbents. Therefore, these studies do not allow the assessment of the longer-term effects of new businesses on development, which are probably much more important than the initial employment effect around the time of start-up (Fritsch 2007). The analyses of the short-term effect of start-ups indicated that employment gains due...