The use of long-term intrathecal drug delivery for the treatment of intractable pain or intolerable medication adverse effects has expanded to include the treatment of patients with chronic or cancer-related pain. Important considerations for the use of intrathecal drug therapy include the appropriate selection of patients, delivery systems, and medications, as well as potential complications of therapy and quality-assurance measures necessary to ensure patient safety.

All groups of survey respondents viewed residency programs as important assets to their institutions, especially in the areas of institutional prestige, staff recruitment, and professional development and education.

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The new practice model allowed better alignment of staff with departmental goals, expanded pharmacy hours and services, more efficient medication distribution, improved employee engagement, and a staff succession plan.