Chemical communication of predation risk has evolved multiple times in fish species, with conspecific alarm substance (CAS) being the most well understood mechanism. CAS is released after epithelial damage, usually when prey fish are captured by a predator and elicits neurobehavioural adjustments in conspecifics which increase the probability of avoiding predation. As such, CAS is a partial predator stimulus, eliciting risk assessment‐like and avoidance behaviours and disrupting the predation sequence. The present paper reviews the distribution and putative composition of CAS in fish and presents a model for the neural processing of these structures by the olfactory and the brain aversive systems. Applications of CAS in the behavioural neurosciences and neuropharmacology are also presented, exploiting the potential of model fish [e.g., zebrafish Danio rerio, guppies Poecilia reticulata, minnows Phoxinus phoxinus) in neurobehavioural research.

21Chemical communication of predation risk has evolved multiple times in fish species, with the 22 conspecific alarm substance (CAS) contemporaneously being the most well understood mechanism. 23 CAS is released after epithelial damage, usually when prey fish is captured by a predator, and elicits 24 neurobehavioral adjustments in conspecifics which increase the probability of avoiding predation. 25As such, CAS is a partial predator stimulus, eliciting risk assessment-like and avoidance behaviors, 26 and disrupting the predator sequence. The present paper reviews the distribution and putative 27 composition of CAS in fish, and presents a model for the neural processing of these structures by 28 the olfactory and the brain aversive systems. Applications of CAS in the behavioral neurosciences 29 and neuropharmacology are also presented, exploiting the potential of model fish (e.g., zebrafish, 30 guppies, minnows) on neurobehavioral research. 31

Chemical communication of predation risk has evolved multiple times in fish species, with the conspecific alarm substance (CAS) contemporaneously being the most well understood mechanism. CAS is released after epithelial damage, usually when prey fish is captured by a predator, and elicits neurobehavioral adjustments in conspecifics which increase the probability of avoiding predation. As such, CAS is a partial predator stimulus, eliciting risk assessment-like and avoidance behaviors, and disrupting the predator sequence. The present paper reviews the distribution and putative composition of CAS in fish, and presents a model for the neural processing of these structures by the olfactory and the brain aversive systems. Applications of CAS in the behavioral neurosciences and neuropharmacology are also presented, exploiting the potential of model fish (e.g., zebrafish, guppies, minnows) on neurobehavioral research.

A produção de algodão representa uma importante cultura agrícola do Brasil. Portanto se faz necessário estudos que relacionam atributos físicos do solo com produção de fibra e produção de algodão em caroço. Sendo assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a influência dos atributos físicos do solo: argila, areia, silte, microporosidade, macroporosidade, porosidade total e densidade, na forma colhida do algodão. Realizamos análise de correlação canônica, utilizando os dados amostrais obtidos de 193 amostras de solo, coletadas em 100 talhões com 13 cultivares de algodão, entre 63 e 136 dias após a emergência, distribuídos em 3 regiões do estado de Mato Grosso, em altitudes de 402 a 885m. A análise de correlação canônica explicou 82,99% da variação dos dados amostrais. Os atributos físicos do solo influenciaram na produção do algodoeiro, no rendimento de fibra e na produção de algodão em caroço, nesta ordem: (Silte = Microporosidade) > (Argila = Macroporosidade = Areia) >> microporosidade, porosidade Total > Densidade. Os atributos densidade, porosidade total e macroporosidade não afetaram na produção de fibra, respectivamente. Neste sentido os atributos físicos do solo alteram a qualidade da fibra.