Mutation of the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD), which is one of the most frequent genetic alterations, strongly contributes to an increased risk of treatment failure and to poor prognosis. In this study, we established quantitative fragment analysis of FLT3-ITD simultaneously measuring mutant allele burden and length, verified the analytical performance and evaluated the clinical significance in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. FLT3-ITD was detected in 73 of 363 adult AML patients (20.1%) and high mutant allelic burden (⩾50%, n=13) and long ITD length (⩾70 base pairs, n=15) were significantly associated with inferior overall survival (OS; P=0.002 and 0.005, respectively) and event-free survival (EFS; P=0.004 and 0.007, respectively). FLT3-ITD poor prognostic group was identified as patients with high allele burden or long ITD length (n=24), which revealed significant adverse clinical outcome for both OS (P<0.001) and EFS (P<0.001). In cytogenetically normal AML, even FLT3-ITD low allele burden and short length was associated with poorer OS (P=0.037) and EFS (P=0.044) than wild type, whose influence was overcome when hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed. In minimal residual disease monitoring, FLT3-ITD negativity after consolidation therapy was a valuable predictor of better OS (P<0.001) and EFS (P<0.001). FLT3-ITD poor prognostic group with high mutant allele burden or long ITD length is efficiently identified by quantitative fragment analysis.

Recent molecular studies identified genetic mutations in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and their associations with clinical parameters. 1,2 As an increasing number of recurrent somatic mutations have been found, many investigators are focusing on genetic mutations as candidate molecular markers for MDS prognosis and treatment outcomes, especially following hypomethylating treatment (HMT) or stem cell transplantation (SCT). In this study, we analyzed recurrent TET2, TP53, ETV6, RUNX1, EZH2, ASXL1, SF3B1, U2AF1 and SRSF2 mutations, which are relatively frequent, and their influence on survival was reported independently of clinical parameters. 2,3 Fifty-two patients receiving HMT and/or SCT for MDS at our institution from April 2009 to May 2011 Abbreviations: ANC = absolute neutrophil count; HMT = hypomethylating treatment; IPSS = international prognostic scoring system; MAC = myeloablative conditioning; MUD = matched unrelated donor; MSD = matched sibling donor; RARS = refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts; RAEB = refractory anemia with excess blast; RBC = red blood cell; RCMD = refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia; RIC = reduced-intensity conditioning; SCT = stem cell transplantation; WBC = white blood cell; WHO = World Health Organization.

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