Plasmodium spp. parasites, the causative agents of malaria, survive and replicate in human hosts by modulating host protective immune responses. In a rodent model, malaria manifests as a severe splenomegaly, with infiltration of cells and lymphoproliferation as major contributing factors of the immunopathology. However, the cellular contents and the functions of these cells have not been well studied. Here, we report that Plasmodium berghei infection of mice leads to massive recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in secondary lymphoid organs. Infusion of these cells into naïve mice was able to confer host resistance against malaria. Furthermore, MSCs augmented interleukin (IL)-12 production but suppressed IL-10 production in recipient animals. In addition, we observed dramatic reductions of regulatory T (Treg) cells in animals that received MSCs. Taken together, our findings have identified recruitment of MSCs as a novel host protective mechanism adopted by the host to combat malaria by modulating Treg-cell responses.Keywords: Hemozoin r Malaria r Mesenchymal stem cell r Regulatory T cell Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site IntroductionPlasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria, are responsible for 300 million clinical cases with approximately 0.65 million deaths annually [1]. Malaria parasites survive and replicate within susceptible hosts by inhibiting host protective immune responses. Previous studies have shown that malaria parasites induce regulatory T (Treg) cells [2], which have innate effector functions and are characterized by a preactivated status, as reflected by Correspondence: Dr. Jyoti Das e-mail: jyoti@mrcindia.org expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD44, and low expression of the naïve T-cell marker CD62L. In animal models, it has clearly been shown that Treg cells inhibit host protective immune responses against malaria [3][4][5]. Thus, depletion of Treg cells promotes host resistance to malaria [6].The blood stages of the malaria parasite induce a strong proinflammatory response, which plays an important role in host resistance [7]. It is now well documented that malarial infections stimulate innate, innate-like, as well as adaptive immune responses [8]. Similar to other infections, innate immune components play an important role in host protection at the initial phase of malaria infection, whereas adaptive immunity plays a critical role in host resistance at the later stage of the disease [9]. Interestingly, unlike other intracellular parasitic infections,www.eji-journal.eu Eur. J. Immunol. 2013. 43: 2070-2077 . Accumulation of cells in the spleen of mice in response to infection with malaria pathogens is correlated with host resistance. However, the nature of the infiltrating cells and their function are not well understood. Therefore, we characterized the cellular components of infiltrated cells. Surprisingly, we found a massive accumulation of Sca-1 + CD44 + CD29 + CD34 − cells (where Sca-1 ...

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Trimmings are an ornamental addition used on clothing and home furnishing such as facing, piping, braids, cords, laces, tassels patches, borders etc. Market is flooded with trimmings of numerous sizes, shapes, styles and colours. The study was conducted to know the latest trends of trimmings. Ten shopkeepers purposively selected ten shops and thirty consumers visiting these shops were selected on the basis of responsively to collect information regarding existing trends of trimmings. The information regarding availability of trimmings and sale of trimmings was collected through shopkeepers. Thirty consumers visiting these trimming shops were selected as respondents to know their usage pattern of trimmings for apparels. The information was collected using self-structured interview schedule and by observations. Majority of respondents preferred surface embellishments for female wears followed by children and male wears. The ornamentation materials (beads, sequins, rhinestone etc.) and readymade decorative trimmings were the most preferred types of surface embellishments used for female apparels. Majority of consumers preferred piping and facing as functional trimmings and laces and borders as decorative trimmings for formal, casual and night female wears. Most of consumers preferred laces, borders and tassels, as decorative trimmings for female formal wears.

The objectives of this study were to determine physical property of control and treated samples were tested to analyze the effect of Karanja extracts on the samples. The fabric samples were conditioned. Samples were cut from scoured cotton fabric with 54 warp yarns (ends) and weft yarns (picks) per inch were (ASTM 123 test method). The tests were performed for different types of samples viz., control (scoured), samples treated with leaves and seed extracts in viscous and dry state; and samples treated with an antiseptic containing chloroxylenol. The samples were subjected to tests for weight per unit area (g/m 2 ) physical property test. It was concluded that as the concentration of extract increased, significant increase at 1% level of significance was observed in all treated samples except SDLP. This may be due to the fact that increase in concentration of Karanja extract, lead to absorption of more amount of extract by the sample.