The growing challenge to the authority of IGOs is the backlash of the legitimacy crisis currently affecting states, which are increasingly perceived as being unable to deal with major economic, ecological, social, and cultural policy issues. This weakens the IGOs although in fact they offer a possible solution insofar as they are forums and instruments of regional and world governance. One essential condition, however, if this solution is to be realistic and democratic, is that actors representing civil society, not only NGOs but also private‐sector actors (enterprises), should participate. After the economic and ecological protest movements, cultural demands are now growing stronger and constitute a major challenge for UNESCO. Can that organisation, within a relatively short time, identify the cultural actors whose interaction is vital if cultural diversity and individual cultural rights are to be respected? Can it give them their rightful place in its bodies? It is by focusing on this institutional objective and on the communication of knowledge that it can move away from an overly state‐oriented approach.
Nous avons besoin d'une nouvelle culture du sujet. La formule d'Alain Touraine (1992, p. 400), placée ici en sous-titre, rassemble tout notre propos : la lutte contre l'arbitraire des masses et des systèmes opaques au profit de la subjectivation des acteurs sociaux et de l'organisation de leurs interactions. (Touraine, 1992, p. 392-393). La subjectivité apparaît tout à la fois comme le principe d'identification des acteurs sociaux, et donc des oppositions, et comme l'enjeu culturel commun d'une culture qui, pour être démocratique, doit s'opposer de toute sa créativité à l'anomie, molle ou dure, libérale ou autoritaire. « Un conflit social central, mais à l'intérieur d'enjeux culturels communs aux adversaires, telle est la condition fondamentale de la démocratie » (Id.). La notion de « sujet » indique tout à la fois une garantie de pluralité des subjectivités constituées (individus et groupes), et leur soumission à la loi commune des libertés.
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