Adenosine receptors (ARs) have been involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, where oxidative stress contributes to neurodegeneration and cell death. Therefore, there is increasing interest in developing antioxidative strategies to avoid or reduce neurodegeneration. We have previously described that different beer extracts modulate ARs and protect glioma and neuroblastoma cells from oxidative stress. The present work aimed to analyze the possible protective effect of hops (Humulus lupulus L.), a major component of beer, and xanthohumol on cell death elicited by oxidative stress and their modulation of ARs in rat C6 glioma and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Different extraction methods were employed in two hops varieties (Nugget and Columbus). Cell viability was determined by the XTT method in cells exposed to these hops extracts and xanthohumol. ARs were analyzed by radioligand binding and real-time PCR assays. Hops extract reverted the cell death observed under oxidative stress and modulated adenosine A 1 and A 2 receptors in both cell types. Xanthohumol was unable to revert the effect of oxidative stress in cell viability but it also modulated ARs similarly to hops. Therefore, healthy effects of beer described previously could be due, at least in part, to their content of hops and the modulation of ARs.

Water is one of the main concerns of EU environmental policy and as such has been considered one of the environmental priorities of the European Commission. The paper analyzes the transcendent Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Directive extends its objective the protection of all waters, surface and groundwater, and introducing water management based on river basins

The working end of Law Degree is called to develop an important role when we consider that the European Higher Education Area is the student manager of his own learning and is considered essential that the student of law, among other skills, to acquire critical thinking skills, investigation techniques, personal development work and use of legal principles and fundamental values as a working tool in the interpretation of the legal system. The development of the working end of Law Degree in order to allow the student to a specific topic in depth and learn to develop a basic legal research. The work will enable the assessment of skills associated with the title of Bachelor of Laws. To highlight an element of the research is that development of it should be conducted in an orderly and systematic manner for which the teacher's work is essential from the outset. In this sense, the student, with guidance from the teacher must identify a target as the first topic of study. Much of the importance of the work lies in the student's learning method and technique to use. At this point, given that the study is done in the legal field, the work must be developed in stages, which are discussed in the communication. One final aspect to take into account and that is also the subject of analysis is the defense of the research to be undertaken before a court of teachers. The paper shall provide thoughts on what this job should be to grade, allowing students to deepen a specific topic and learn how to develop a basic legal research. It also examines the role to develop both the tutor and the student throughout the work until the presentation and defense of the court appointed by the Faculty concerned.

European Union law has decisively influenced the development and recent evolution of national legislation on environment and on public procurement. One of the most important objetives of European Directives on public procurement have been to introduce environmental protection. But the principles of objectivity, transparency, publicity and non discrimination must be respect in all cases. These principles constitute at present the foundation of all public rules on procurement and are characterized by their transversality as they cover and are manifest in all stages of the contract, preparation and performance.

<p>El trabajo analiza la trascendente Directiva 2000/60/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 23 de octubre de 2000, por la que se establece un marco comunitario de actuación en el ámbito de la política de aguas. Se estudia el establecimiento de la gestión por cuencas hidrográficas y el nuevo ámbito territorial de las demarcaciones.</p>