ADRs leading to hospital admissions are often preventable. Approximately 25% of these events were serious to life-threatening. Most resulted from inadequate monitoring of therapy or inappropriate dosing. Patient noncompliance and drug interactions were also common causes. Multidisciplinary prevention strategies among physicians, pharmacists, other healthcare professionals, and patients focusing on communication and education should be targeted.
A 2 3 2 factorial experiment (n 5 12 replicates per treatment, 4 pigs per replicate) was performed to investigate the effects of seaweed extracts, laminarin (derived ß-glucans) and fucoidan (sulphated polysaccharides), independently or in combination on post-weaning piglet performance and selected microbial populations. At weaning, the piglets (24 days of age, 6.4 kg live weight) were assigned to one of the four dietary treatments: (T1) basal diet, (T2) basal diet with 300 p.p.m. laminarin, (T3) basal diet with 240 p.p.m. fucoidan, (T4) basal diet with 300 p.p.m. laminarin and 240 p.p.m. fucoidan. Pigs offered diets supplemented with laminarin had an increased daily gain ( P , 0.01), and gain-to-feed ratio ( P , 0.05) compared to pigs offered diets without laminarin supplementation during the experimental period (days 0 to 21). Pigs offered laminarinsupplemented diets had an increased faecal dry matter and reduced diarrhoea ( P , 0.05) during the critical 7 to 14 day period. Pigs offered diets containing laminarin had reduced faecal Escherichia coli populations. There was a significant interaction ( P , 0.01) on faecal Lactobacilli populations between laminarin and fucoidan. Pigs offered the fucoidan diet had an increased Lactobacilli population compared to pigs offered the basal diet. However, there was no effect of fucoidan on faecal Lactobacilli populations when laminarin was added. Overall, the reduction in E. coli population and the increase in daily gain suggest that laminarin may provide a dietary means to improve gut health after weaning.
Polycrystalline silicon, with impurity levels lower than those of the SEMI III standard for solar grade silicon feedstock (≈99.9999% pure), was produced using rice hull ash (RHA) as a biogenic silica source. The RHA is first purified using very simple, low cost, low energy, acid milling/boiling water wash purification steps and pelletization followed by carbothermal reduction using an experimental 50 kW electric arc furnace (EAF) operated at 1700-2100°C in batch mode. Typical processing involves adding 3.6 kg of pellets to the EAF followed by introduction of an additional 3.6 kg charge every 6 h after the start of carbothermal reduction. This approach produces up to 1.6 kg of silicon per batch. Purities, determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), were reproducibly found to be 99.9999 wt% (6 Ns) with B contents of ≈0.1 part per million by weight. This process escapes multiple process steps including the intermediacy of metallurgical grade silicon and the production and reduction of chlorosilanes as currently used in the Siemen's process. Furthermore, burning rice hulls to produce electricity and RHA, generates more energy than required for the overall process. Finally, the carbon footprint for the process discussed here is very low. The rice plant "fixes" CO 2 as it grows. The recovered hull contains sufficient amounts of this carbon that it can be burned to generate electricity returning part of this carbon to the atmosphere as CO 2 . The carbon retained in the RHA is still from fixed CO 2 and provides the carbon source (especially in the Path 2 process) for carbothermal reduction returning the remaining carbon to the atmosphere as CO 2 . A further point is that the alternative of landfilling with RHA or especially rice hulls would lead to generation of methane, a known green house gas. Thus, one might even argue that the carbon footprint for the process described here is actually negative.
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