In the Chinese context primordial coding would be reflected in the statement that Chinese ethnicity is a shared biological heritage. Traditional coding would then be about how Chinese ethnicity is based on canonical culture. An example of universalist coding would be the semi-religious cult of Chinese nationalism. 15 Eder et al (2002) promote the use of socio-psychological concepts such as Ego, Alter and Other in situational action theory. The Ego is the central agent who produces the claims about the ethnic boundary between the Ego's and the Alter's social groups. The fact that the claims are articulated in relation to a particular observing Other makes the negotiation process situational.
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