In a 3 by 3 factorial design, 27 rats were given 50 trials of avoidance conditioning in a shuttlebox. The main effects of shock (.2, .4

The reinforcement of incompatible behavior in both strucruced and natural environmena was examined as a treatment paradigm for multiple tics displayed by an adolescent boy. The procedure was shown to be effective in reducing the frequency of the behavioral tics and in increasing the rate of more appropriate behaviors. The treatment program concentrated on procedures which maximized rhe transfer of changes occurring in the clinic to more natural environments and the utilization of nonpsychologiscs and behavioral change agents.

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Response contingent shock and avoidance conditioning I Hooded rats were trained on an avoidance conditioning task with varying amounts of response contingent shock (RCS) for the first 20 trials. RCS was either manipulated (withheld or added) or not manipulated when S began to respond during the CS-UCS interval.. Ss were tested in 30 additional trials. RCS increased freezing and individual differences, and decreased mean avoidances. It is suggested that withholding shock has a combined effect of reducing freezing and of behavior shaping.