Acute and protracted intra-professional conflict was a dominant feature of the period of medical reform. The traditional tripartite professional structure of physicians, surgeons and apothecaries was breaking down, evolving into a bipartite division between elite hospital consultants and general practitioners. The paper explores the hypothesis that rival professional interests were expressed in the different configurations of knowledge on which competing claims to status and authority were based. Where the elite either held aloof or invoked the civilised 'gentlemanly' science of John Hunter, the general practitioner was more disposed to embrace the more radical 'democratic' sciences such as phrenology and the new morphology.

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At the request of Commander Smiley, Chairman of the POLARIS/MINUTEMAN/PERSHING Nondestructive Test Committee, we have cooperated with ASTM Committee E-7 on Nondestructive Testing in preparing a report on the development of the scanning technique now used at the aerojet-General Corp. Sacramento plant to inspect the Polaris missile. The title of the device is GIGI, which stands for Gamma Inspection of the Grain Integrity. This paper presents a brief review of the research and development that went into designing the gamma inspection cubicle now in operation at the Sacramento plant. The parameters involved in the development of this grain inspection system, the analytical approach (see Appendix), and the physical variables encountered will be considered.

The hard disk drive stores data the user is creating, modifying, and deleting while a firmware facilitates communication between the drive and the operating system. The firmware tells the device and machine how to communicate with each other and will share useful information such as, disk size and information on any bad sectors. Current research shows that exploits exist that can manipulate these outputs. As an attacker, you can change the size of the disk displayed to the operating system to hide data in, likewise by marking an area of the disk as bad. Users may not be aware of these changes as the operating system will accept the readings from the firmware. However, although the data is not reachable via the operating system this paper looks at the traceability of manipulated data using data recovery software FTK Imager, Recuva, EaseUS and FEX Imager. This report examines the use of malicious techniques to thwart digital forensic procedures by manipulating the firmware. It is shown how this is possible and current forensic techniques or software does not easily detect a change within the firmware. However, with the use of various forensic tools, obfuscated trails are detectable. This report follows a black box testing methodology to show the validation of forensic tools or software against anti-forensic techniques. The analysis of the results showed that most tools can find the firmware changes, however, it requires an analyst to spot the subtle differences between standard and manipulated devices. The use of multiple software tools can help an analyst spot the inconsistencies.