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In our series, RT-PCR significantly improved detection of the most relevant bacteria associated with HRFN episodes. Large number of patients and close clinical monitoring, in addition to improved RT-PCR techniques will be required to fully recommend RT-PCR-based diagnosis for the routine workup of children with cancer, fever, and neutropenia.

Since their discovery [1] , intrinsically conducting polymer s ( ICP s) have changed our way of thinking about polymers. With properties such as light weight, organic functionality, and distinctive electronic behavior, new applications were soon devised for these materials. Polyaniline ( PANI ) is one of the most interesting ICPs because of its chemical stability, tunable conductivity, and interesting electrochromic behavior [2] . This polymer is usually synthesized by chemical oxidation of the monomer in strong acidic media. Besides PANI, polythiophenes and polypyrrole are other important ICPs that have also been synthesized by oxidative polymerization. These polymers have been extensively used in several applications in the fi elds of organic electronics [3] , sensors [4] , actuators [5] , separation technologies [6] , and energy storage [7] , among others, and new applications for them are found continuously.Enzymatic polymerizations have become an interesting alternative route for polymer synthesis [8] . They are generally carried out under milder conditions than similar synthetic routes. Enzymes are natural catalysts which are non -toxic, biodegradable, energy effi cient and obtained from renewable resources. In this chapter, we review the different strategies that have been used for the enzymatic synthesis of PANI. Xu et al .[9] reviewed published work regarding enzymatic polymerization of aniline derivatives from its beginning until 2004. However, more recently, several groups have developed either new approaches for the enzymatic synthesis of PANI or different methods inspired by it. Indeed, the infl uence of the enzymatic synthesis of PANI can be seen in the development of several biocatalytic and biomimetic synthetic routes not only for the synthesis of PANI, but also for other important conductive polymers, such as polypyrrole ( PPy ) and poly(3,4 -ethylendioxythiophene) ( PEDOT ).

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