Power transformers are the most common equipment in an electric power system, which has been manufactured in the last decade. However, overheating can damage them, considerably reducing their operation lives, which may cause economic losses to the power utilities. The motivation of this paper is to investigate the time and power overload limits that a power transformer can be subjected to and how it will impact its temperature. Investments in the grid can be delayed if a transformer can support some overload during some momentary load demand increase. In this context, this paper presents a study of a 30/40MVA power transformer by 3D finite element method (FEM) for coupled thermal-electromagnetic simulations to investigate its thermal behaviour when it is submitted to its nominal load at a steady-state operation and a variable load during a period of one day. The simulations were performed with the commercial software packages Flux 3D and AcuSolve, for electromagnetic and thermal modelling, respectively. The modelled equipment was based on a power transformer installed in the Light Serviços de Eletricidade S.A, the utility that supplies electrical energy to the city of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. Since the literature doesn’t present many works simulating coupled thermal-electromagnetic power transformers in 3D-FEM, this paper has the goal to bring new contributions to this field. Three study cases were modelled, and some simplifications in transformer’s geometry were made in some of them to reduce the computation time usually required for such a simulation. The obtained results are presented and compared with the measured values for the temperature in the hot spot of the transformer and in the top of the oil, to investigate the impact of these simplifications in the calculated results.

We evaluated band planting (BP) to assess its efficiency in the early restoring of ecological processes using a multi-criteria protocol known as Framework for the Evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems Incorporating Sustainability Indicators (MESMIS) to obtain the ecological functionality consolidation index (EFCI). We sampled a 4.3 ha-1 plantation, aged 3 years, with BP, 1.5-m space between bands, 2-m space between seedlings, and a 3.5-m band of natural regeneration, ten areas with conventional planting (CP), aged 5 years, in the coverage and diversity models, and ten areas restored by natural regeneration (NR), aged 4 years. Sampling was carried out in 36 10 m x 10 m blocks, totaling 144 plots, 15 blocks for BP, 11 blocks for CP, and 10 blocks for NR. Species richness was similar between the areas; however, there was a significant difference between BP and the other areas (CP and NR) by the Dunn’s test (p < 0.05). The NR area had the highest diversity (H' = 3.03; J' = 0.76), followed by BP (H' = 2.56; J' = 0.62), and CP (H' = 2.0; J' = 0.48), whereas the BP area (4.348 ind.ha-1) had the highest density. The BP had the highest EFCI for diversity (0.100), control, and management (0.067) compared to NR, for diversity (0.022), and similar to CP in soil protection and nutrient cycling (0.047). BP was efficient in recovering early ecological processes under conditions similar to fragments in the initial stage of succession.

A apuração de custos em hospitais é um processo complexo, em virtude da complexidade inerente à própria organização que tem em seu bojo uma multiplicidade de serviços e profissionais gerando simultaneamente um volume expressivo de dados que necessitam ser capturados e processados. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma dissertação de mestrado que ser propôs a apurar o custo da diária de internação de um hospital público. Assim, são apresentados os resultados desse estudo de caso com abordagem quantitativa, descrevendo objetivamente os passos metodológicos percorridos para a apuração do custo do paciente-dia ou diária de internação hospitalar, acompanhados dos resultados. Ficou evidente a importância do sistema de informação no processo de apuração de custos hospitalares e também a importância da informação produzida pela contabilidade na gestão dos hospitais públicos. Através da pesquisa, foi produzida uma informação de grande importância, mas que o gestor da unidade não dispunha, ou seja, o custo da diária de internação de um paciente e adicionalmente apresentou-se a comparação desse custo com a receita obtida.