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A hand gesture recognition system provide a natural, innovative and modern way of non verbal communication. It has a wide area of application in human computer interaction and sign language. The intention of this paper is to discuss a novel approach of hand gesture recognition based on detection of some shape based features. The setup consist of a single camera to capture the gesture formed by the user and take this hand image as an input to the proposed algorithm. The overall algorithm divided into four main steps, which includes segmentation, orientation detection, feature extraction and classification. The proposed algorithm is independent of user characteristics. It does not require any kind of training of sample data. The proposed Implemented algorithm has been tested on 390 images, gives a recognition rate of approximately 92% and average elapsed time of 2.76 sec. It takes a less computation time as compare to other approaches.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is developing rapidly and used extensively in various critical applications like military, health, environment etc. Sometimes, the WSN is indiscriminately deployed in unattended hostile terrains such as border or remote region where besides energy efficiency, security is another important issue to be addressed. The adversary can have unauthorised access which can lead to tampering, modification, interception, eavesdropping etc.With the intention of improving the energy efficacy of WSN, clustering methods are developed, but dynamic behaviour of sensor nodes with limited storage and processing makes security a more challenging problem as resource intensive security solutions are not feasible in practical scenario. Key management is capable of addressing this problem by protecting the network from different attacks. In this paper, a highly secure Codeword Authenticated Key Exchange (CAKE) protocol is proposed which is based on one-way hashing with one time password and codeword authentication. BAN logic and Random Oracle Model are used for formal proof, and AVISPA tool is used for simulating the proposed work. CAKE is compared with other existing mutual authentication schemes which depicts significant reduction in computational time and energy consumption. The proposed protocol preserves Confidentiality, Integrity, and mutual authentication and can counter several attacks like offline guessing attack, replay attack, Dos attack, impersonation attack etc. and preserve perfect forward secrecy making the protocol suitable for various WSN applications.

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With huge cheap micro-sensing devices deployed, wireless sensor network (WSN) gathers information from the region and delivers it to the base station (BS) for further decision. The hotspot problem occurs when cluster head (CH) nearer to BS may die prematurely due to uneven energy depletion resulting in partitioning the network. To overcome the issue of hotspot or energy hole, unequal clustering is used where variable size clusters are formed. Motivated from the aforesaid discussion, we propose an enhanced fuzzy unequal clustering and routing protocol (E-FUCA) where vital parameters are considered during CH candidate selection, and intelligent decision using fuzzy logic (FL) is taken by non-CH nodes during the selection of their CH for the formation of clusters. To further extend the lifetime, we have used FL for the next-hop choice for efficient routing. We have conducted the simulation experiments for four scenarios and compared the propound protocol’s performance with recent similar protocols. The experimental results validate the improved performance of E-FUCA with its comparative in respect of better lifetime, protracted stability period, and enhanced average energy.