AbstractIntroductionAmong all types of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland, the name of the Territorial Defense Force reflects its character and purpose to the greatest extent. The goals and tasks set for it depend on the specific defense needs of the state. In the light of current nutritional knowledge, rational nutrition is one of the basic conditions for the proper functioning of the human body and maintaining its good health. Particularly important is the state of nutrition in the case of soldiers performing combat tasks. The aim of the study was to assess the level of nutritional knowledge of soldiers in the context of the implementation of training tasks.Material and methodsThe nutritional knowledge of soldiers was verified on the basis of an open survey, with the use of a proprietary questionnaire containing 20 closed-ended questions. The study covered 106 soldiers of the Territorial Defense Force, undergoing military training. The questions included in the questionnaire concerned the principles of rational nutrition and the sources of some of the nutrients in a daily diet. In addition, the Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated for each respondent based on the height and body weight values. The results of the survey were prepared using Excel and Statistica software.Results and discussionThe applied BMI classification showed this may be evidenced by over 40% of the respondents being overweight, while 17% demonstrated first degree obesity, and 1% — second degree obesity. The results of the survey indicated the areas in which the nutritional knowledge of the examined group of soldiers was insufficient. One of the reasons for this is the source of information on rational nutrition. Content provided by friends or obtained from the Internet may mislead soldiers, and incorrect application of nutrition guidelines may cause them to eat unbalanced food rations, which is likely to reduce a soldier's physical capacity, concentration, responsiveness, and the possibility of intense physical activity during the performance of official tasks. Taking into account the BMI results and the low level of nutritional knowledge, it can be concluded that the nutrition safety of the Territorial Defense Force soldiers is at risk, which may stimulate the emergence and development of a number of diet-related civilization diseases. It is purposeful to conduct systematic training of Territorial Defense Force soldiers in the field of rational nutrition. This will help to improve their nutritional knowledge and maintain good health.

Passenger service began in 1872, with a steam locomotive that linked Shimbashi station, in Tokyo, to the nearby city of Yokohama, thereby setting the stage for what was to become a nationwide rail network. It took 17 more years to link by rail the main cities along the old Tokaido (Eastern Sea Route), so that in July 1889 one could travel the entire way from Tokyo to Kobe by train. A single departure per day made the 589.5kilometer (366.3-mile) journey in about 20 hours. The successive introduction of diesel and electric trains shortened the time on this Speed and efficiency through technological advancementheavily shortened the time on this heavily traveled route to under 7 hours, and the Shinkansen (bullet train) eventually reduced the journey to under 4 hours.Until it was privatized and split into separate regional companies in 1987, the Japan National Railways (JNR) operated a nationwide passenger and freight rail network. Successors of JNR presently include the six passenger railway companies of the JR (Japan Railway) group, a freight railway company, and several affiliated companies. The total rail system, including the JR group and other railway companies, comprises 27,929 operation kilometers. In 2015, the system transported 24.0 billion passengers.

W artykule zaprezentowano koncepcję zabezpieczenia żywnościowego batalionu zmechanizowanego w działaniach obronnych. Dokonano tego przez zidentyfikowanie obszaru procesu organizacji żywienia żołnierzy na szczeblu batalionu w czasie działań taktycznych, przedstawienie możliwości żywienia wojsk na szczeblu batalionu w działaniach obronnych oraz zaprezentowanie optymalnej koncepcji zabezpieczenia żywnościowego batalionu w założonej sytuacji działań taktycznych. W wyniku przeprowadzonych rozważań wypracowano wnioski końcowe, które jednoznacznie wykazują zależność między optymalnym zabezpieczeniem pod względem żywnościowym batalionu zmechanizowanego w obronie a bezpieczeństwem wykonania postawionych przed dowódcą batalionu zadań bojowych.

Purpose: Nutrition of cadets during the period of biological threat caused by SARS-CoV-2 is an important element shaping their combat readiness, however, scientific research in this area is scarce. The need to analyse this specific group has become the genesis of this article. The main purpose of the study was to verify the significance of the effect of selected factors on the assessment of the quality and quantity of meals provided to soldiers. Design/Methodology/Approach: Due to the qualitative and multi-level form of the dependent variable, multinomial logistic regression was used, which allowed the evaluation of the effect of all selected predictors on the results. Findings: Research involved students of 4 years of study. The article presents a discussion of the study group and the effect of selected factors on the opinions about meals received during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. An interesting question was the assessment of whether and how a surveyed cadet's year of study, BMI and gender affected their decisions regarding the qualitative and quantitative assessment of food consumed during this period. Practical Implications: The analysis showed that there are factors related to the characteristics of the respondents which significantly affect their assessment of nutrition, and thus it is important to select the right study sample. The answers obtained in the survey differed depending on the respondent's gender, BMI level or year of study. The results of the study provide a basis for further research aimed at optimizing nutrition for students of military universities. Originality/Value: The results of the study showed that there are factors related to the characteristics of the respondents, such as gender, year of study or the BMI, which significantly affect their final value. The ratings given by women were definitely higher than those of men. Perhaps this was due to a greater tendency to show empathy and appreciate the effort associated with preparing meals.

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie działalności Wojskowego Ośrodka Badawczo-Wdrożeniowego Służby Żywnościowej w aspekcie zapewnienia jakości żywienia żołnierzy i jego doskonalenia. Przedstawiono krótki rys historyczny działalności Ośrodka. Zaprezentowano zmiany zachodzące w kierunkach prac badawczych, biorąc pod uwagę zagadnienia bezpieczeństwa żywności oraz doskonalenie organizacji żywienia. Wskazano kierunki przyszłych prac badawczych prowadzonych w Ośrodku uwzględniające wymagania współczesnego pola walki.