StreszczeniePowodzenie ekonomiczne inwestycji w sektorze przedsiębiorstw jest obarczone różnymi czynnikami ryzyka. Ocena wniosku o udzielenie kredytu lub dofinansowanie projektu inwestycyjnego jest złożonym problemem, wymagającym wnikliwej i wielokryterialnej analizy. Przy czym zadanie jest jeszcze trudniejsze, gdy dotyczy oceny wniosków przedsiębiorstw dopiero zaczynających swoją działalność.W opracowaniu zaprezentowano autorską propozycję modelu wielokryterialnego oceny wniosków dotacyjnych oraz pożyczkowych przedsiębiorstw rozpoczynających działalność gospodarczą opartą na metodzie UTA (Utility Additive) uwzględniającą trzy kryteria: doświadczenie zawodowe osoby planującej rozpoczęcie działalności gospodarczej, ocenę biznes planu przedsięwzięcia oraz ocenę dotychczasowej współpracy z bankami wnioskodawcy. Na wstępie opisano zbiór referencyjny będący podzbiorem wariantów decyzyjnych, na którym wyznaczono preporządek zupełny na podstawie wiedzy eksperckiej. Metodę UTA wykorzystano następnie do budowy modelu, który umożliwia ocenę decyzji na całym zbiorze wariantów. Użyteczność modelu została zweryfikowana z wykorzystaniem danych z wniosków pożyczkowych w Funduszu Przyjaznym Przedsiębiorczości działającym w jednym z banków spółdzielczych w województwie podlaskim.Słowa kluczowe: metoda UTA, dezagregacja preferencji, zbiór referencyjny, wniosek kredytowy, finansowanie startupów APPLICATION OF UTA PROCEDURE TO SUPPORT DECISIONS CONCERNING START-UP FINANCING SummaryCompanies starting their business activity have the opportunity to obtain start-up funding using various financial instruments. Due to the fact that start-ups are new entities without any history of operations, the evaluation of support applications is a difficult task and requires taking into account a large range of expert knowledge. The paper presents a multi-criteria model of evaluation of grant and loan applications submitted by companies commencing business activity, based on the UTA method. This model takes into account three criteria: professional experience of the person planning to start a business, assessment of business plan 1 Mgr Paweł Konopka -Wydział Ekonomii i Zarządzania, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku; e-mail: pa_kon@ wp.pl; dr hab. Ewa Roszkowska, prof. UwB -Wydział Ekonomii i Zarządzania, Uniwersytet w Białymstoku; e-mail: erosz@o2.pl.2 Praca została sfinansowana ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC-2011/03/B/HS4/03857. Zastosowanie metody UTA do wspomagania podejmowania decyzji… 139 of the project, and assessment of the applicant's previous cooperation with banks. The usefulness of the model is verified using data from loan applications submitted by borrowers under the Enterprise Friendly Fund, operating in one of the cooperative banks in Podlaskie Voivodeship.

This paper discusses the issue of evaluation of grant and loan proposals submitted by start-up businesses. A multi-criteria model for the evaluation of proposals for start-up business financing is proposed, based on the MARS method and taking into account three criteria: professional experience of the person planning to start a business, evaluation of the business plan, and evaluation of credit history of the applicant. Modelling of the expert's preferences was based on verbal comparisons of decision variants from the reference set consisting of solutions close to the ideal solution. The usefulness of the model has been verified using data from loan applications submitted to the Business Friendly Fund, operating in one of cooperative banks in the Podlaskie voivodeship.

The purpose of the paper is to present a methodology for measuring contemporary protectionism – based on data from Poland. In light of the difficulties in assessing all trade barriers, an approximation was proposed: the regional barometer of protectionism (RBP). Recognizing that 21st century protectionism is observable only to a certain extent, the research is based on data that reflect the level of this phenomenon – i.e., media releases as well as Global Trade Alert data. In constructing this barometer, the TOPSIS method (a Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) was used. The RBP constructed (for 2009–2020) is the first regional barometer of protectionism. The results of the research reveal the level and dynamics of protectionism in the case of Poland. This RBP improves the methodology of foreign trade analysis by providing a thorough basis for further research into both the effects and causes of protectionism; this paper presents initial explanations for the latter. Furthermore, after the barometer of protectionism is constructed, trade barriers may eventually be included in further research for models designed to explain Polish trade.

The aim of the paper was to present the problem of risk assessment of financing start-ups of individual economic activities as the problem of multi-criteria decision making. The detailed goal of the study was to build a decision model and its empirical verification. Research methodology -The SAW method -was used to build the model based on the concept of the aggregation of the decision-maker's preferences. In the process of building the model, the correspondence analysis was also used.Result -The result of the research is the decision model, the usability of which has been subjected to empirical verification.Originality/value -The model approach proposed in the paper is an original approach for two reasons: Firstly, the correspondence analysis was used in the stage of assigning ranks to verbal or interval variables; Secondly, the use of Cramer's V coefficient to calculate the weightings of criteria and decision sub-criteria was proposed, hence the resulting algorithm of the model should be recognized as the added value of the conducted research.