A constellation of clinical, serological, endoscopic and histopathologic features is essential in diagnosing CD and autoimmune duodenitis. Biopsy is also a useful tool in diagnosing infectious duodenitis that are missed in other investigations.

A 58-year-old man presented with a one-month history of upper abdominal pain and anorexia. There was no history of dysphagia, vomiting, hematemesis, melena, tiredness or jaundice. His complete blood count, renal function and liver enzyme levels were normal, as were the results of ultrasonography of the abdomen. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopic scan showed a diverticulum in the fundus of the stomach (Figure 1). The pain was reproduced by probing the diverticulum with biopsy forceps as well as by insufflating it with air. The patient's symptoms improved after four weeks' therapy with proton pump inhib itors.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is often associated with a poor prognosis. Long-standing diabetes mellitus is considered as an important risk factor for its development. This risk can be modified by the use of certain antidiabetic medications. On the other hand, new-onset diabetes can signal towards an underlying PC in the elderly population. Recently, several attempts have been made to develop an effective clinical tool for PC screening using a combination of history of new-onset diabetes and several other clinical and biochemical markers. On the contrary, diabetes affects the survival after treatment for PC. We describe this intimate and complex two-way relationship of diabetes and PC in this review by exploring the underlying pathogenesis.

GER prevalence was high in pregnancy, often in second and third trimester. Non-vegetarianism and aerated beverages increased the risk of reflux in pregnancy.

Asymptomatic ascitic fluid infection was very infrequent in patients with cirrhosis attending an outpatient clinic and undergoing therapeutic paracentesis.