Resilience, or the phenomenon of successful adaptation following significant trauma exposure, is a complex, multidimensional, and dynamic process. To date, research on neural mechanisms involved in human resilience has comprised of two major research streams – involving individuals with childhood and adulthood trauma exposure, respectively. Although there are systematic differences in how both trauma and resilience have been defined across these two bodies of work, some striking regions of convergence emerge when considering the literature as a whole. Here, we review neuroimaging studies of resilience in both trauma-exposed individuals and the general population, alongside discussion of some of the methodological difficulties involved in quantifying trauma and resilience in human participants. Results highlight the involvement of brain networks implicated in emotion regulation (medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala), responses to rewards (ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex), and attentional control and cognitive flexibility (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) in fostering positive outcomes following trauma. There is also emerging evidence for a role of neural circuitry subserving interoceptive awareness (in particular, the anterior insula cortex) in resilience. Further, we discuss several ongoing issues in neuroimaging study design and analysis that will need to be addressed in order to enable us to harness insight from such studies to improve treatments for – or, ideally, guard against the development of – debilitating post-traumatic stress syndromes.