Abstract-In the New Keynesian model, preference, cost-push, and monetary shocks all compete with the real-business-cycle model's technology shock in driving aggregate fluctuations. A version of this model, estimated via maximum likelihood, points to these other shocks as being more important for explaining the behavior of output, inflation, and interest rates in the postwar U.S. data. These results weaken the links between the current generation of New Keynesian models and the real-business-cycle models from which they were originally derived. They also suggest that Federal Reserve officials have often faced difficult trade-offs in conducting monetary policy.

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Liquid crystals have become an accurate and convenient means of measuring surface temperature and heat transfer for the gas turbine and heat transfer research communities. The measurement of surface shear stress using liquid crystals is finding increasing favour with aerodynamicists and developments in these techniques ensure that liquid crystals will continue to provide key thermal and shear stress data in the future. The increasing use of three-dimensional finite element computational models has allowed industry to capitalize on the advantages of the full surface data generated. The paper reviews the use of these complex materials in research with a special emphasis on recent developments in the field. The aim is to provide the reader with an up to date background in this measurement technology and allow the researcher to decide whether liquid crystals would be suitable in specific applications.

A significant proportion of candidaemia with reduced fluconazole susceptibility may be caused by C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis, species usually considered fully susceptible to fluconazole. Thus, identification of these species may not be predictive of fluconazole susceptibility. Other factors that are associated with reduced fluconazole susceptibility may help clinicians choose adequate empirical anti-Candida therapy.

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