This CIRSE Standards of Practice document provides best practices for the safe administration of procedural sedation and analgesia for interventional radiology procedures in adults. The document is aimed at health professionals involved in the provision of sedation and analgesia during interventional radiology procedures. The document has been developed by a writing group consisting of physicians with internationally recognised expertise in interventional radiology, and analgesia and sedation.

This study found that more axillary-block patients compared with humeral-block patients reported electrical stimulation as the most unpleasant part of the block but failed to detect significant differences in the intensity of the 3 block components (repeated needle passes, local anesthetic injections, and electrical stimulations). Most patients in both groups would accept the same block for future hand operations. Patients were ready for surgery sooner after axillary block, but the clinical importance of this finding is doubtful.

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Root growth rate was studied in Lemna gibba L. (strains Gl and G3) and L. minor L. in relation to low energy red and far‐red light treatments. Far‐red treatments inhibited growth rate; inhibition was abolished upon subsequent treatment with red light. These effects can be observed after an 18‐hr growth period. This red/far‐red photoreversible response suggests that root growth in L. gibba L. and L. minor L. is under phytochrome control.

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