Regulated delivery of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) to the postsynaptic membrane is an essential step in synaptic strength modification, and in particular, long-term potentiation (LTP). While LTP has been extensively studied using electrophysiology and light microscopy, several questions regarding the molecular mechanisms of AMPAR delivery via trafficking vesicles remain outstanding, including the gross molecular make up of AMPAR trafficking organelles and identification and location of calcium sensors required for SNARE complex-dependent membrane fusion of such trafficking vesicles with the plasma membrane. Here, we isolated AMPAR trafficking vesicles (ATVs) from whole mouse brains via immunoprecipitation and characterized them using immunoelectron microscopy, immunoblotting, and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We identified several proteins on ATVs that were previously found to play a role in AMPAR trafficking, including SNARES (including synaptobrevin 2), Rabs, the SM protein Munc18-1, a calcium-sensor (synaptotagmin-1), as well as several new markers, including synaptophysin and synaptogyrin on ATV membranes. Additionally, we identified two populations of ATVs based on size and molecular composition: small-diameter, synaptobrevin-2- and GluA1-containing ATVs and larger transferrin-receptor-, GluA1-, GluA2-, GluA3-containing ATVs. The smaller population of ATVs likely represents a trafficking vesicle whose fusion is essential for LTP. These findings reveal the important role of AMPAR sorting into fusion-competent trafficking vesicles that are implicated in synaptic strength modification and reveal candidates of putative effectors and regulators of AMPAR trafficking.