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The global paleomonsoon concept predicts an antiphase response of monsoon rainfall in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at timescales where there is asymmetric solar forcing and/or asymmetric hemispheric temperature changes. However, as different monsoon systems have different sensitivities to local, regional, and global forcing, rainfall response may vary regionally, particularly during large global climatic changes such as the last deglaciation where warming occurred in both hemispheres. Despite its role as a key Southern Hemisphere counterpart to the Arabian and Indian summer monsoons, the behavior of the summer monsoon in the Southern Hemisphere of the Indian Ocean during the last deglaciation is unknown. Therefore, we present a new high‐resolution, precisely dated, and replicated speleothem stable isotope record from Tsimanampesotse National Park in southwest Madagascar that covers the last deglaciation. We show that speleothem growth phases respond largely to movements of the Southern Hemisphere summer Hadley circulation (summer extent of the tropical rainbelt/mean Intertropical Convergence Zone location), with some contribution from sea surface temperature changes at key times, such as during the Bølling‐Allerød. In contrast, speleothem δ18Ο responds primarily to sea surface temperature, in particular the location of the deep atmospheric convection isotherm, while summer Hadley circulation changes take a secondary role. Separating the varying influences of temperature and atmospheric circulation in controlling southwest Madagascan rainfall is critical to understanding rainfall variability in both the past and the future.

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