According to Industry 4.0 the process of digitization in manufacturing companies has advanced to the virtualization phase. The final state should be a complete virtualization of the production plant. However, virtualization has a high demand for innovation. This article summarizes the findings of the implementation of the "Digital Twin" methodology in a real manufacturing company. The main topic is virtualization of heavy machine tools of Skoda Machine Tool Co. For the virtualization are used modern software tools Siemens NX, Mechatronic Concept Designer, Simit and VNCK kernel.

The paper deals with the design/optimization of a leaf spring for railway vehicles using composite materials. The optimization was carried out based on the main mechanical parameters of the current design solution for steel leaf springs. A numerical simulation was created to obtain the data, then the simulation was verified using an experimental test. Glass fibre reinforcement with epoxy resin was chosen as the material for the composite leaf spring. The main shape of the composite leaf spring was created using geometrical optimization. An advanced finite element model which modelled individual plies of the laminate was created to check the strength of the composite spring. A maximum stress strength criterion and transverse shear interlaminar criterion were used to evaluate the failure index.

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The main goal of this work is to find the optimum way for numerical simulation of bonded joints using finite element analysis. The most important requirements for the model are simplicity, wide utilization (for all types of bonded joints) and efficiency. The final paragraph includes the way of determination of damage and cohesive parameters of bonded joints using cohesive surface based contact. The results of this research should be suitable for modelling of the general type of bonded joints.