The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between prenatal exposure to mercury (Hg) and neurodevelopment of the child, taking into account genetic polymorphism of apolipoprotein E (Apoe) and other relevant confounders. Six hundred and one mother-child pairs were recruited from the central Slovenia region and 243 from Rijeka, on the Croatian coast of the northern Adriatic. The total Hg in cord blood, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) assessment at 18 months of age and Apoe genotyping was performed on 361 children; 237 of them were from Slovenia and 124 from Croatia. The results showed negative association between low-to-moderate Hg exposure in children with normal neurodevelopmental outcome and cognitive and fine motor scores at 18 months of age as assessed by Bayley III. The Hg-related decrease in cognitive score was observed only in children carrying at least one Apoe ε4 allele, while the decrease in fine motor scores was independent of the Apoe genotype. Adjusting for selenium (Se) and lead (Pb) levels, a positive association between Se and the language score and a negative association between Pb and the motor score was observed, but not in the subgroup of children carrying the ε4 allele.
Duchennova mišična distrofija (DMD) je najpogostejša in ena najresnejših mišičnih bolezni otroške dobe. Gre za na kromosom X vezano recesivno živčno-mišično bolezen, ki jo povzroča mutacija v genu za distrofin. Primarno prizadene skeletne mišice in srčno mišico.
Pri večini dečkov se klinični znaki bolezni izrazijo z napredujočo mišično šibkostjo med 3. in 5. letom starosti. Mišična šibkost je bolj izražena v proksimalnih kot distalnih mišicah in v začetni fazi bolj vpliva na poslabšanje funkcije spodnjih kot zgornjih udov. Bolezen postopno napreduje. Pri nezdravljenih otrocih večinoma po 11. do 12. letu starosti vodi v takó resno zmanjšanje zmožnosti gibanja, da le-ti že za premagovanje krajših razdalj potrebujejo invalidski voziček. Napredujoča šibkost dihalnih mišic vodi v kronično dihalno odpoved in potrebo po pomoči pri predihavanju. Okvara funkcije srca je splošno prisotna, kajti po študijah so klinični znaki kardiomiopatije prisotni pri vseh bolnikih po 18. letu starosti.
Na podlagi klinične slike diagnozo DMD potrdimo z laboratorijskimi in genetskimi preiskavami. V primeru negativnih rezultatov genetskih preiskav, a ob močnem kliničnem sumu za DMD, pa se za potrditev diagnoze poslužujemo mišične biopsije.
Zdravljenje bolnikov z DMD zahteva multidisciplinarno obravnavo. Z uporabo kortikosteroidov (KS), fizioterapije, podpornega zdravljenja in opreme s pripomočki sta se življenjska doba in kakovost življenja bolnikov z DMD izboljšala. V fazi razvoja je več zdravil, katerih delovanje se usmerja v zmanjšanje okvare mišic, a tudi zdravil, ki bi odpravile osnovni, tj. genetski vzrok bolezni.
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