This article explores why Japanese government policies, despite major reforms, still do not comply well with international norms of protecting refugees. There has been great progress in the growth of nongovernmental organizations and civil society, the strong presence of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in Japan, and the reduction of structural constraints on the ability of organizations to influence government policy. Despite these steps, lack of access to the Ministry of Justice and ideational constraints have hindered efforts by nonstate actors to reform refugee policies toward greater compliance with international norms of protection.

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Weapons: International Norm Adoption and. They are not differences in how states react to international norms or. Second, politics in Japan often focuses on the idea that Japan is unique in the ternational norms as if they were guns pointed. in the absence of any norms about womens Rather, adoption of norms is seen as the necessary price of existence in. Japan and international refugee protection norms: Explaining non. International law in relation to Japanese law & Conflict of laws. Refugee law and practice in Japan. Law and migration. Flowers,

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