Data on the reasons for drinking from 2,496 respondents were submitted to factor analytic runs. Cross-validated results indicated that the 1st 2 factors extracted were readily interpretable in terms of positive and negative reinforcement operations. Negative reinforcement drinkers scored significantly and consistently higher on all alcohol consumption indices, and data from an alcoholic sample (133 Ss) showed that 93% of the alcoholics would be classified as escape drinkers. (1 ref)

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In three separate studies, rats were presented with a flavored solution and then injected with one of a variety of doses of morphine in the taste aversion paradigm. Presentations of the flavored water and injections were done 17 times in one study. Doses of from 2 to 20 mglkg of morphine were sufficient to suppress drinking of the flavored solution and the extent of the suppression was hardly modified across continuous injections. Furthermore, in one experiment it was demonstrated that injections following the first five injections still had capabilities of suppressing drinking. It made little difference whether the injections were subcutaneously or intraperitoneally given. There were considerable individual differences with respect to extent of suppression of drinking the flavored solution. Some rats showed almost complete suppression but others only a slight suppression.

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