Analyses of AREDS2 data on natural history of GA provide representative data on GA evolution and enlargement. GA enlargement, which was influenced by lesion features, was relentless, resulting in rapid central vision loss. The genetic variants associated with faster enlargement were partially distinct from those associated with risk of incident GA. These findings are relevant to further investigations of GA pathogenesis and clinical trial planning.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA-4) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of T-cell costimulation. Monoclonal antibody inhibition of CTLA-4 with ipilimumab blocks this negative regulator of costimulation, promoting T-cell activation and survival, and leads to melanoma regression. Findings of the Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, an uveomeningitic syndrome that features neurologic, auditory, ophthalmologic, and cutaneous involvement due to autoimmune targeting of melanocytic antigen, have rarely been described in association with melanoma immunotherapy. We describe a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH)-like syndrome in a 45-year-old HLA-A02-positive patient with metastatic melanoma treated with ipilimumab. Disruption of immune tolerance by ipilimumab led to melanoma remission while also inciting systemic and ophthalmic autoimmunity towards melanocytic antigen. These observations provide insight into the pathophysiology of the VKH syndrome, as well as the balance between tumor-associated tolerance and autoimmunity.

This study replicates the results of previous natural history studies of eyes with DPED including the high rates of progression to late AMD and vision loss (regardless of progression to late AMD). The genetic associations are consistent with genes associated with AMD progression.

Background-Intermittent exotropia may be controlled by accommodative or motor convergence. Previous studies have reported that reduced binocular visual acuity in intermittent exotropia is due to the accommodation required to control the deviation. In order to test this hypothesis, we simulated convergence stress by inducing exodeviations in normal volunteers to investigate whether the transition from non-fused to fused is associated with a gradual or immediate transition in stereoacuity and binocular visual acuity.

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