In the vast majority of establishments, the relations between the sisters and the local community were correct or good. They were valued for their dedication, modesty, diligence and perseverance. Huge hopes were placed everywhere about their work in nurseries. It was hoped that the orphanage would not only be a place of care for abandoned, neglected and deprived of Christian upbringing children, but also contribute to raising the spiritual level of parishioners. The vast majority of the orphanages were an exemplary example of cooperation between the handmaid sisters and their parents, founders, as well as local clergy and residents. From the very beginning, the sisters gained the respect and trust of the local population. This was evidenced by the large number of children attending nurseries and the help in running the work in various situations. The sisters' first contact with the inhabitants took place right after their arrival or during the blessing of the orphanage. The ceremony was an opportunity to present the sisters, explain the purpose of their activities and present the benefits of the operation of the nursery. It was also supposed to shape a positive image of the sisters among the local population, so that they could perform their duties more effectively and not encounter obstacles on the part of the inhabitants. In the vast majority of establishments, the relations between the sisters and the local community were good or very good. They were valued for their dedication, modesty, hard work and perseverance. It was expected that the orphanage would not only be a place of care for abandoned, neglected and deprived of Christian upbringing children, but also contribute to raising the spiritual level of parishioners. In addition, their duties included caring for the sick, catechizing school children, working with youth associated in associations, and church work. During World War I, orphanages played a special role. In the face of the threat, the orphanage was a place where inhabitants sought shelter, help or just comfort at any time of the day. Risking their lives, the sisters hid priests and other people wanted by the Russian soldiers stationed in the town There is no doubt that their ministry was an expression of responsibility for the fate of the child and, in a broader perspective, for the religious and moral condition of the entire society.

The Roman fort of Apsaros in Gonio (Adjara, Georgia) still holds answers to many issues connected with the Roman military presence on the Chorokhi river in ancient Colchis. In 2014, a Polish team joined the Georgian expedition to carry out excavation in two sectors diretly east of the centrally located principia. The sites were chosen based on a study of the results of geophysical prospection carried out in 2012. Two phases, dated to the early and late Roman periods respectively, were recorded. The early Roman architecture was interpreted as part of the installations and structures of a large bathhouse (balneae), including a mosaic floor in one of the rooms. The building was destroyed at least twice, most likely in a catastrophic fire. The article discusses the stratigraphy and the dating of the early Roman balneae based on glass artifacts and coins.

Against the common view of Poe as a romantic occultist, this paper attempts to describe the significance of scientific rationality as a source and model for his short fiction. Through the analysis of "Hans Pfaall", his famous early hoax, we bring to light the problematic of narrative credibility and self-evidentiality, which as J. Irwin has shown, is central to Poe's skeptical imagination. This problematic, which we also relate to the status of written information in the context of Jacksonian democracy, is further evidenced by Poe's deep interest in the invention of photography — a formidable scientific and poetic tool against skepticism.

Chapter 42 in Moby-Dick might well be said to be Melville's most complex speculation on the unnamable. Maneuvering between explanation and illustration, analysis and incantation, question and silence, terror and mystery, the discourse proceeds forward and backward to an unlikely understanging of the « phenomenon » of whiteness. Though unveilings but reveal other veils, the narrator's logical imagination will have eventually made an eventful journey through both values of the chromatic idea : hue and tone. Hence our discussion of painting and song, the visible and the inaudible. The method of presentation makes use of the « weaver's loom » metaphor : « In all this din of the great world's loom, thy subtlest thinkings may be overheard afar. » (102 : 375)

Cet article se propose d'analyser les liens établis entre la science et la rhétorique nationaliste littéraire pendant la première moitié du XIXe siècle. La fusion de ces deux domaines encouragea de nombreux écrivains à « anatomiser » leur nouveau pays. Cette tendance, qui eut pour effet de produire des écrits plus "statiques" que des romans de type classique, a également été exploitée à des fins philosophiques par des écrivains de la Renaissance américaine comme Melville, Thoreau et Whitman.