These revised guidelines for contemporary endodontic education in Australia and New Zealand (version 2021) propose the minimum criteria for the training of dentistry students. The document contains a definition of endodontics and a description of the scope of endodontics. It proposes a general outline for education programmes in endodontics as part of general dental practice.

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The effects of four different hot plate temperatures (49.5, 53, 55, and 6OOC) on the antinociceptive activity of butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, and morphine were determined. Antinociception, as measured by an increase in percent maximum possible effect (WoMPE) derived from time to paw lick in mice increased with dose for all compounds except nalbuphine at all temperatures. Nalbuphine elicited activity (50% MPE) at one dose (3 mglkg) at 49.5OC. Butorphanol, 10 mg/kg, and pentazocine, 10 mg/kg, produced 100% MPE and 80% MPE at 49.5OC and 53OC, respectively. Only morphine (20 mglkg) produced 100% MPE at all temperatures. Since every compound exhibited antinociceptive activity at 49.5OC at some dose below toxicity, it is suggested that this is the preferred temperature to screen for mixed opioid compounds.

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