http://www.eje.cz tent and frequency of declines are expected to increase worldwide (Allen et al., 2010; IPCC, 2013). As decline progresses, forest ecosystems undergo dramatic changes in terms of composition, structure and functioning. In particular, there are conspicuous changes in the structure of the canopy that are uncommon in those of healthy trees, such as dead branches and cavities, which increase the structural complexity of the canopy at scale levels of stand, tree and branch (Ishii et al., 2004). However, it may also negatively affect the amount and quality of other critical resources, such as foliage, fruit and seed (Houston, 1981). Such profound structural modifi cations can modulate microclimates, habitat opportunities, and trophic resources for canopy-dwelling communities. For instance, oak decline can promote saproxylic and generalist leaf-feeding beetles, but have a negative effect on specialist leaf-feeders (Sallé et al., 2020). Decline-induced environmental changes can also shape habitat conditions at understory and ground levels. Raphidioptera and Mecoptera are two ancient taxonomic orders of insects frequently encountered in moist temperate forests (Byers & Thornhill, 1983; Aspöck, 2002). Raphidi

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