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In this study, we examine and evaluate local knowledge to develop an integrated participatory model for spatial planning. We used participatory approaches in Düzce province to enhance risk communication, and to obtain the local point of view related to natural hazards and vulnerabilities through collaborative workshop techniques. We integrated multi-knowledge sources including geoecological research data and local expert knowledge, and including the results of questionnaire surveys' analyses from workshops and town-watch exercise. This paper presents integrated information that can be useful in risk communication, and valuable analyses in terms of stakeholders' responsibilities and sources in disaster risk reduction towards resilience.

This study aims to develop an integrated spatial planning methodology with a participatory planning approach for building resilient settlements against complex ecological risk factors. Düzce Province is selected as a case study because of its complex ecological characteristics as witnessed many times in past. The methodology consists of four phases. (1) The first phase of the methodology joins the ecological planning aims. In the (2) second phase, ecosystem services (ES) integrated land suitability maps was produced by combining natural hazard risks and landscape vulnerabilities with the risk of degradation of valuable ES. The (3) third phase, is participatory risk governance approach, which consists of three components namely, (a) risk communication, (b) risk assessment, (c) risk management that conducted between the local and regional stakeholders within the multi-scale approach. In the (4) fourth phase, comprehensive outputs for spatial risk mitigation was provided by the integration of ecological risk synthesis and participatory planning findings. Results show that participants prioritized earthquake, landslide, and flood as the highest natural hazard risks and erosion, habitat vulnerability, and water infiltration as the highest ecological vulnerability risks respectively. Results of risk governance analysis show that, at macroscale, central government institutions have the highest responsibility predominantly for proactive roles. At mesoscale local institutions of central governance have mainly reactive responsibilities. Thus, this integrated ecological risk assessment methodology can contribute to the decision-making process of ecological risk mitigation plans in a more comprehensive way through a multi-spatial and temporal scale approach. Moreover, this method can be applied in other provinces. However, in order to disseminate the results of participatory risk governance at provincial level, participation level and diversity should be increased in future studies.

Cities have been becoming unhealthy since the industrial revolution due to dense immigration, environmental disruption, the increase of motor vehicles, insufficiencies in infrastructure etc., and have long lost their habitability. Along with the concepts of modernism and sustainability, different suggestions and approaches have been presented in order to increase the quality of life and solve the social problems within cities. Duzce city, our study area, is located in between two metropolitan cities -Istanbul and Ankara -and exhibits ecosystem richness, as well as biological diversity. However, as a result of the rapid urbanization after the disastrous earthquake in 1999, the structure of the society has changed and the natural environment has become subject to environmental degradation. Hence, this study aims to evaluate urban quality perception with reference to the socio-cultural differences of city inhabitants and develop suggestions for sustainable planning. Subjective indicators of physical environment, one of the components of urban life quality, have been considered as the main issue in determining the perception of urban quality. In this scope, oral interviews were conducted with 471 people from 48 neighborhoods. Stratified random sampling was used for the representation of each neighborhood due to its population. A physical environmental quality scale that was used for oral interviews consisted of 24 items, and seven factor groups were obtained in the factor analysis by using SPSS software. Relationships between factors and socio-demographic structure were tested by one way ANOVA and t-tests. As a result, by considering both the differences and expectations of all social groups living in Duzce, and the present conditions of the city, various planning and design solutions and suggestions have been developed for improving the sustainability of the city.