No abstract

The article discusses the identification and systematisation of factors which may affect purchase decisions on the real estate market, with a particular emphasis on behavioural factors. In the course of the conducted analysis, the decision-maker analyses factors related to real estate, but also psychological factors, among which the most significant are: motivations, emotions, attitudes, personality, learning, memory and perception. The work provides a review of the literature, seeking to identify factors that influence the decision making process on the real estate market.Keywords: behavioural aspects of real estate market, purchasing factors on the real estate market, purchasing decisions, property management. JEL Classification: R31, R38, M12, E7.

Występowanie ryzyka jest trwałym atrybutem przedsięwzięć biznesowych, także w procesie innowacji produktu. Działając jednak w obszarze występowania ryzyka, można odnosić sukcesy techniczne, marketingowe i finansowe. Ryzyko jest prawdopodobieństwem poniesienia strat w następstwie podjętych decyzji. Dlatego celem artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników dojrzałości i poziomu ryzyka procesu innowacji produktu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych rozważań zostanie zaproponowane modelowe ujęcie dojrzałości i poziomu ryzyka w procesie innowacji produktu. Najczęściej konieczne jest założenie prawdopodobieństwa wystąpienia czynników mogących mieć wpływ na realizację działań w procesie innowacji produktu i ich ostateczne efekty. Można przyjąć, że poziom ryzyka innowacji produktu determinowany jest koniecznością ponoszenia znacznych kosztów i wysokim odsetkiem niepowodzeń komercjalizacji nowych produktów, a czynniki niepowodzenia są powiązane z poziomem dojrzałości procesu innowacji produktu.

Sustainable City solutions can become an essential element of the development of contemporary urban communities. This development path can also provide opportunities for organisations operating in cities and metropolises. An inherent feature of the organisation which a city constitutes is that it enables the people who make it up to cooperate. Climate packages, including the Green Deal and Fit for 55, are implemented in Europe, while in Poland decarbonisation processes are underway. The main challenges in this area include, on the one hand, a search for savings of energy consumed, and, on the other hand, a reduction in pollution resulting from the use of transport or heat or energy sources. Cities and metropolises will become green only when they manage to cope with these problems. The article aims at showing various facets of sustainable smart city management. With relations, information and knowledge gaining importance as the key organisational resource, cities have become, as organisations, an essential element of contemporary societies and organisations. In recent times, the harmful emissions from heating installations have drawn the attention of the public opinion in Poland. Polish municipalities distribute heat which mostly comes from local, most often district heating systems where energy is generated on a wide scale from coal combustion. This study compares the results of an air quality survey and those of a case study to assess the potential for the implementation of an automated heat control system in cities. On the basis of solutions implemented in the Warsaw Metropolis, the possibility of their implementation in the Upper Silesian (GZM) and Poznań Metropolises, too, was also assessed. Throughout Poland, there is a large potential for the application of innovative smart technologies in district heating systems to reduce the levels of harmful emissions. These reductions, which are still possible, could translate into a significant improvement in the attractiveness and competitiveness of municipalities. Finally, practical recommendations are being provided.

Contemporary management faces the necessity of transformation, the result of which should be the survival and proper functioning of the organization. The source of transformation can be imitation, which is just as important in business as, for example, innovation, and a strategic approach to imitation is necessary for effective and efficient innovative activity. The study attempts to present the nature and role of imitation in building competitive advantages in firms. It is posited that in addition to being a recognised phenomenon in economic sciences imitation also underpins a number of competitive strategies followed by modern-day companies. Successfully resolving the problem of compliance with the imitation object ensures success for imitators. However, if this problem is not resolved and the follower does not obtain the expected benefits, significant disruptions in building strategic advantage arise, which in turn affect the costs and risk of the activity.Therefore, at the management level of the imitator, a control division should be created that allows to determine the mismatch between the organization's activities and the expectations of various stakeholder groups.