Recent advances in obstetrics and gynecology have increased the survival of extremely premature (EP) infants with a gestational age of less than 32 weeks and a birth weight of less than 1500 g. Such infants are referred to as a special group of EP infants, or infants with a very low birth weight. From the neonatological point of view, EP infants are considered to be at risk of abnormal psychomotor development [1].The increasing survival of EP infants has stimulated research on their mental development. Many studies have focused on the school performance of EP infants. The findings evidence differences both in academic progress and in the total intelligence quotient (IQ) between EP and control infants [2,3]. The psychomotor retardation detected in EP infants depends, as a rule, on their pre-and perinatal health status. However, even healthy EP (HEP) infants, i.e., those with no neurological or somatic disorders shortly after birth or at a very young age, demonstrate a partial deficit in performing tasks that require voluntary control of attention [4]. It is highly probable that the fact that values of the IQ and other psychometric characteristics in HEP infants are at the lower limits of the normal range is caused by impaired voluntary control of attention.Early detection, prediction, and correction of suboptimal cognitive development are of great importance for HEP infants. However, it is still unclear to what extent a partial deficit of attention during their school years depends on the impairment of the control of attention observed at a very young age. Recent studies on the neurological and somatic status of EP infants did not reveal differences in either behavioral characteristics of visual attention or psychomotor development indices between EP and control infants [5]. If the conclusions drawn in these studies are true, then how can we explain this difference between the normal development of attention in HEP infants during the first year of life and the impaired control of attention during their further development? We believe that the nature of the characteristics used in the above studies on so-called exogenous attention in infancy can explain the lack of data on early precursors of attention deficit. Other recent studies have suggested two types of attention in infants: one is motivated by external afferent stimuli (with an external locus of control) and the other is motivated by internal cognitive processes (with an internal locus of control) [6]. Development of the mechanisms responsible for attention with an internal locus of control is thought to be a major component of the cognitive processes in infants [7].A number of recent experimental paradigms make it possible to study the mechanisms responsible for the control of endogenous attention (EA) in infants. One of them, the visual expectation paradigm (VEP), assumes that infants will keep their visual attention on the expected spatial location of a stimulus that is not present in the visual field. Upon repeated presentation of visual stimuli in accor...