BOTRYOMYCOSIS; also known as bacterial pseudomycosis is a rare chronic granulomatous bacterial infection that affects the skin, and sometimes the viscera. Here we report a rare case of orbital botryomycosis in a patient who presented with painful nodular lesion in right eye following repair of tissue for Road Traffic Accident(RTA). MRI revealed foreign body granuloma or pseudotumour subsequent histopathology proved botryomycosis and she was treated with antibiotics and surgery .

Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) is the congenital aganglionosis of the human colon due to disruption of migration, imbalanced proliferation and differentiation of neural crest cell. The diagnosis and extent of resection for the management of HD depend on the sensitive and specific identification of ganglion cells. Negative immunohistochemical expression of calretinin, shown its superiority as diagnostic method for full thickness as well as partial thickness rectal suction biopsies. Total 86 colonic and rectal biopsies of 43 patients attending Sassoon hospital, Pune (between 2015-2017) with surgically resected specimen proven Hirschsprung’s disease cases and follow up cases of non HD cases were evaluated with both Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and calretinin IHC. Age group was 2 days to 7 year with having Male: Female ratio 2.91:1. Out of 43 cases, 26 were diagnosed as Hirschsprung’s Disease, 16 were not having Hirschsprung’s disease, 1 case of hypogangliosis. 13 out of 86 biopsy and 9 out of 43 cases show false positive result with use of Haematoxylin and Eosin stain only. Specificity and negative predictive value of H&E stain was 72% and 78.12% respectively with accuracy of 86%. Use of calretinin IHC gave 100% accuracy in all 86 biopsies studied including 17 partial thickness biopsies. Only use of Haematoxylin and Eosin stain will lead to significant false positive result leading to misdiagnosis and in turn wrong treatment. Loss of calretinin expression in aganglionic segment help in the interpretation of even partial biopsies and easy to interpret with improvement in diagnosis upto 100%.