No abstract

Forest disturbance sometime considered as a tool of management as it believed that mid level disturbance constructs better micro-climatic conditions which ultimately boost up the plant diversity. The effect of different levels of disturbance on species composition and regeneration is very important. Present attempt was carried out in a temperate evergreen oak forest which was under various degree of disturbance. The study area is one of the large ranges of oak forest in Garhwal Himalaya and compensating various types of daily needs of local people. On the basis of IVI values Quercus leucotrichophora holds first position in all the disturbance zones whereas Myrica esculenta upgraded it's rank in highly disturbed zone and showed less impacted species by disturbance. Berberis aristata and Eupatorium adenophorum in shrub layer and Anaphalis adnata and Bidens pilosa in herb layer were found as disturbance friendly species because they attained higher rank in highly disturbed zone whereas Caryopteris foetida was found disturbance-sensitive in shrub layer. The banj oak regenerated well under mid disturbance as compared to no and high degree of disturbance and a sharp downfall in the species diversity was recorded with increasing magnitude of disturbance. Density-diameter curves showed a reverse trend of lower density in higher girth classes. The results of the study should be useful for the forest management strategies.

The liver is one of the heaviest organs in the body (1.2–1.5 kg) and serve the most important function of maintaining the body’s internal environment. The anatomical location of the liver is key to fulfill this role, as almost all absorption of unknown material into the body takes place in the gut and the portal blood draining the gut flows to the liver, which later controls the release of absorbed nutrients into the systemic circulation. In adding together to its function in metabolizing nutrients, the liver is capable to store and liberate a variety of substrates, vitamins and plays an essential role in drug and bilirubin metabolism. Liver cancer is most of the deadliest disease in the whole world which has been increasing day by day. The present study was aimed to investigate the activity of Methotrexate (MTX) and Naproxen (Np) to reduce the risk of liver cancer induced by Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) on rats. After examination, it was observed that pharmacological assessment of MTX and Np shows positive reactions toward treating DENA-induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in animals.