Background: Morphometric analysis of the foramen magnum of dry human skulls in North Indian population was carried out to demonstrate the anatomical variations in morphology. The dimensions of the foramen magnum are clinically important because vital structures passing through it may endure compression in diseases associated with foramen magnum like herniation, meningiomas and achondroplasia.

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Background: Mandible also known as the largest and inferior, primary facial bone of the face giving a curved shape to it. It changes its shape and gives variations to the bony structure of the face from birth till older age. Mental foramen is known as the ventage of the mandible and is an important mark of the face for carrying out many diagnostics and surgical processes along with anesthetic procedures of the face. Thus, the present study is designed with an aim to get insight knowledge of position and shape of mental foramen in dry adult human mandible.Methods: Totally, 60 bones were studied in 2 years duration. The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy of Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital and Rabindranath Medical College. The position of mental foramen was studied using an instrument known as digital Vernier Calliper (in mm) while shape was analyzed visually. Position of mental foramen was calculated using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software.Results: The present study showed that the position of mental foramen from symphysis menti and posterior border of ramus of mandible was more from right side than left side and found to be insignificant while position of mental foramen from inferior border of body of mandible was more from left side than right side and found to be insignificant for right side while significant for left side. The shape of mental foramen from right side was found to be (Oval shape- 68.33% and round shape – 31.66%) while for left side was found to be (Oval shape- 71.66% and round shape – 28.33%).Conclusions: Hence, mental foramen plays a pivotal role in performing major facial surgeries and is an important landmark for several facial procedures performed.

Aim and Objective:The present study is the morphometric evaluation of the dimensions of jugular foramen in regard to the variability in shape and size of jugular foramen and the relationship between antero-posterior diameter (APD) and mediolateral diameter (ML) of jugular foramen on each side (right & left) . The dimensions of the jugular foramen are clinically important because intracranial and extracranial lesions may affect the jugular foramen. The intrinsic abnormalities and pathological processes affecting the jugular foramen are intracranial meningiomas, paragangliomas, schwannomas, metastatic lesions and infiltrative inflammatory processes from surrounding structures such as the middle ear. Other diseases associated with jugular foramen include Vernet's syndrome and Villaret's syndrome.Methodology: 297dry adult human crania of unknown sex were analyzed from the department of Anatomy, GSVM medical college, Kanpur And KGMU, Lucknow (U.P).Anteroposterior diameter (APD) of jugular foramen: The maximum anteroposterior diameter of jugular foramen on both right and left sides were measured. Mediolateral (ML) diameter of jugular foramen: This diameter was taken between medial most and lateral most points of jugular foramen on both right and left sides. Metric measurements were taken by using digital vernier calipers. Results:The mean anteroposterior diameter of the jugular foramen on the right and left were 15.55±2.00mm and 14.48±1.93mm. The mediolatral diameter were 9.33±1.45 mm and 7.74±1.63mm on the right and left respectively. The mean area on the right was 114.06±22.54 mm and on the left 88.90±25.23 mm. Conclusion:These findings may be helpful for anatomists and neurosurgeons to approach the cranial base with maximum safety and minimum mortality and morbidity or clinicians in finding the appropriate diagnosis..