Background:The cation chloride cotransporter NCC is degraded by undefined mechanisms. Results: NCC requires specific conserved machinery for chaperone-dependent recognition, ubiquitination, and proteasomal routing. Conclusion: NCC exhibits distinct ERAD requirements, which correlate with its transmembrane topology and distinguish it from other clients. Significance: These ER quality control components process misfolded conformational intermediates of NCC and other structurally related cotransporters that are vital for human health.

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) plays a critical role in the development of DKD with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) being the mainstay of treatment. Systemic RAAS activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of DKD, but lately interest has shifted to intrarenal RAAS effect. With the discovery of the (pro)renin receptor and ACE independent pathways of angiotensin II production, our understanding of role of renin in end organ damage has improved significantly. Summary: We summarize our current understanding of ACE dependent and independent pathways in the development of DKD and the preclinical models demonstrating renal effects of direct renin inhibitors (DRIs). We then review clinical studies and trials performed so far evaluating the efficacy of aliskiren on renal outcomes and safety in DKD. Key message: At present, there is little evidence for renal benefit of aliskiren in DKD beyond that offered by ACEIs or ARBs. Combining aliskiren with ACEI or ARB in DKD did not significantly improve renal outcomes in comparison with ACEI or ARB monotherapy in clinical trials. Slightly more adverse events including hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury and hypotension were observed in the combination therapy as compared to the monotherapy. Thus, current evidence suggests that aliskiren, because of its antihypertensive and antiproteinuric effects, maybe used as monotherapy in DKD and considered an equivalent alternative to ACEIs or ARBs. Careful monitoring for renal adverse effects would allow safe clinical use of DRI.

BackgroundAcute Kidney Injury results from pre renal, post renal or intrinsic renal causes. Reflex anuria is a very rare cause of renal impairment which happens due to irritation or trauma to one kidney or ureter, or severely painful stimuli to other nearby organs.Case PresentationHere we present a case of acute kidney injury secondary to reflex anuria in a patient who underwent extensive gynecological surgery along with ureteral manipulation which recovered spontaneously.ConclusionReflex Anuria is a rare and often not considered as cause of acute kidney injury. This case illustrates that this should be kept as a differential in potential cause of acute kidney injury in patient undergoing urogenital or gynecological surgeries.