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The skewness of distribution of an orientable closed

In this paper, it is shown that certain quantities defined with reference to the rays of a rectilinear congruence, remain unchanged for a change in the director surface, provided that the spherical representation of the congruence is kept unchanged. These quantities may be called semi-invariants. Some known invariants have been expressed in terms of these semi-invariants. An attempt has been made to find how these semi-invariants alter when the parametric curves are changed in any manner.