One of the important reasons of acute abdomen is appendicitis and emergency surgery is needed many times to treat the condition. Different clinical presentations of appendicitis are observed because of the variations in anatomical location of the appendix. Anatomical and topographical variations of the caecum are also known. These unusual positions and presentations land the surgeon in diagnostic and surgical challenges. In this study, the anatomical variations of the caecum and appendix have been observed. The present study is aimed to study the variations in the size, shape, position and arterial supply of the caecum and appendix in individuals of different ages and sex, a thorough knowledge of which will aid surgeons in performing various abdominal operations. The study was carried out on 30 adult cadavers in the department of Anatomy, Government medical college, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. Out of which 20 were male cadavers and 10 were female cadavers. The Anatomy of 30 caecum and 30 appendix was studied in detail. In most of the cadavers, the caecum and appendix were found in the right iliac fossa. The commonest shape of the caecum found, was adult (ampullary) type. The commonest position of the appendix found, was retro-caecal, followed by pelvic. This information is certainly helpful to the surgeons in locating the caecum and appendix during surgical interventions.

Histogenesis of kidney gives knowledge regarding histological maturity of kidney and its functional status at the given gestational age. Kidney is developed from two parts, metanephrogenic blastema and ureteric bud. Metanephrogenic blastema gives origin to secretory part i.e. nephron while ureteric bud forms the collecting part i.e. collecting tubules and ureter. Both these parts fuse with each other and the development becomes complete. Materials and Methods: 50 aborted human fetuses between 13-36 weeks of gestational age were used for this study with no obvious congenital anomalies. The 2-3 mm thick cut sections of both kidneys were taken, processed and Paraffin blocks were prepared. 5-7 micron thick sections were taken with rotary microtome, mounted and then stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Microscopic features were observed in low and high power and then documented. Results and Discussion: Differentiation between cortex and medulla was seen from 16-18 week onwards. The medulla with collecting ducts, thick and thin segment of loop of Henle became well differentiated from 16 week onwards. Vascularity of medulla increased with increase in gestational age while connective tissue decreased with increase in gestational age. Renal pelvis was lined by transitional epithelium.