Antimicrobial resistance is a grave threat to human life. Currently used time-consuming antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) methods limit physicians in selecting proper antibiotics. Hence, we developed a rapid AST using electroanalysis with a 15 min assay time, called EAST, which is live-monitored by time-lapse microscopy video. The present work reports systematical electrochemical analysis and standardization of protocol for EAST measurement. The proposed EAST is successfully applied for Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli as model organisms to monitor bacterial concentration, decay kinetics in the presence of various antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, cefixime, and amoxycillin), drug efficacy, and IC50. Bacterial decay kinetics in the presence of antibiotics were validated by the colony counting method, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy image analysis. The EAST predicts the antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria within 15 min, which is a significant advantage over existing techniques that consume hours to days. The EAST was explored further by using bacteria-friendly l-lysine-functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticle coated indium tin oxide as a working electrode to observe the enhanced electron-transfer rate in the EAST. The results are very significant for future miniaturization and automation. The proposed EAST has huge potential in the development of a rapid AST device for applications in the clinical and pharmaceutical industries.

The uncontrolled use of the organophosphate (OP) group of pesticides has led to its accumulation in food and vegetables causing major health issues. Hence, the need to develop a reliable...

Suture techniques have been used since ancient times and play an important role in achieving haemostasis during surgery. By carefully suturing blood vessels, surgeons can effectively control bleeding and minimize the risk of haemorrhage. Sutures can be used to ligate or tie off blood vessels, close small bleeders, or secure haemostatic agents in place. The objective of this paper is to explore and develop fundamental procedural suturing skills for non-medical students preparing to undertake aseptic survival surgery in rodent models. This can assist researchers and students in acquiring basic surgical suture skills.