INTRODUCTION:Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. Chronic renal failure is defined by the National Kidney Foundation as either damage or a glomerular filtration rate less than 60ml/minute/1.73m 2 of body surface area for more than 3 months. The primary cause of anemia in patients with chronic renal failure is insufficient production of erythropoietin by the diseased kidneys. As there is paucity of data regarding the haematological changes in chronic renal failure in this region, the present study was aimed to achieve the following objectives. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the various hematological changes in chronic renal failure. 2. To assess the correlation between hematological and biochemical parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The present study was conducted in the department of Medicine, in a tertiary care hospital, Assam for one year. STUDY DESIGN: Hospital based, single centred observational study. All patients with features of chronic renal failure, who were admitted in medicine wards, were taken randomly for the study. RESULTS: The series included 100 cases of which the highest number 37% were in the age group of 51-60 years. Male preponderance was observed with males being 65% and females 35%. Generalized weakness and swelling were the commonest symptoms observed in 76% and 74% cases and pallor, hypertension, pedal edema, ascites and acidotic breathing on examination were found in 85%, 70%, 57%, 17% and 17% cases respectively. 72% patients had serum creatinine between 5.1 to 10 mg/dl. A negative co-relationship was observed between serum creatinine and hemoglogin.All cases had anemia of which 52% had hemoglobin between 7 to 10 gm/dl, 61% had normocytic normochronic anemia and 20% had absolute iron deficiency. Diabetes was the commonest etiology in 42%, followed by hypertension 35%, undiagnosed 12%, chronic glomerulonephritis 7%, polycystic kidney and obstructive nephropathy in 2% each respectively. CONCLUSION: Anemia is the commonest haematological manifestation with normocytic normochromic anemia being the commonest morphological type. Absolute iron deficiency was significantly associated with chronic renal failure. Diabetes and hypertension were the commonest etiological factors. The concentration of haemoglobin showed negative correlationship with serum creatinine which was statistically significant.