BackgroundFetal death is the delivery of a fetus with no sign of life, as indicated by the absence of breathing, heartbeat, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles. Nearly 2.6 million stillbirths are estimated to occur worldwide every year. Almost all of these (98%) stillbirths occur in low-and middleincome countries. About one-sixth of the stillbirths globally were recorded in India in 2019, making it the most burdened country in the world. In light of this, we conducted a study to identify the placental pathologies and maternal factors associated with stillbirth.

Introduction: Comprehensive abortion care (CAC)is an intervention proven to prevent maternal death or injury. Disrupted health systems, limited contraception, and a higher instance of sexual violence cause an increase in the number of unintended pregnancies and demand for safe abortion. One of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity is unsafe abortion. 8% of the maternal mortality is contributed by unsafe abortion.  Aim & Objective: To identify reasons for seeking CAC services, socio-clinical profile of its users, its effectiveness, acceptance at the level of users and complication.  Observation: 65% of patient were educated & were lying between 9th standard to 12th class. Only 0.4% was illiterate among the women receiving CAC. Mean age of patient receiving CAC was 29 years. 25.9% underwent medical method of abortion; maximum patients 46.9% patients did not receive any contraception. 73.8% of patients underwent abortion without complication.   Conclusion: Post-abortion care is an opportunity for healthcare professionals to provide education, discuss fertility needs and the need for contraception with women seeking abortion so that appropriate decisions can be taken for suitable family planning.

Introduction: Hirschsprung’s Disease (HD) is a common congenital disorder characterised by absence of enteric neurons along a variable length of large bowel involving a segment of the rectum and the adjacent proximal bowel. The definitive diagnosis is based on histopathological study of rectal seromuscular biopsies. Calretinin Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining adds to the diagnostic yield as it allows better appreciation of the mature and immature ganglion cells including the segments with paucity of ganglion cells. Aim: To assess the usefulness of calretinin IHC in the diagnosis of HD as an add-on technique to routine Haematoxylin and Eosin staining. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, SCB Medical College, Cuttack during the period from August 2016 to July 2018. Full thickness rectal biopsy specimens were processed and subjected to routine Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain (H&E) staining and Calretinin IHC staining. A thorough search of ganglion cells was made in both types of stained slides. The observations were tabulated and compared for diagnostic accuracy. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) Inc, Chicago IL version 15.0 windows. Through, ANOVA and Chi-square test. Results: Calretinin IHC provided superior diagnostic yield compared to routine H&E staining. A total number of 45 cases were studied. Sensitivity of 95.4% and specificity of 55.5% were obtained. It also presented higher accuracy values, than H&E (p=0.49). Conclusion: Calretinin is a superior immunohistochemical staining method that serves as a reliable additional diagnostic tool for better morphological appreciation of ganglion cells and thereby helps in establishing the diagnosis of HD.

Introduction : Thyroid dysfunction is one of the most common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age group including pregnancy. There are a few reports of prevalence    of hypothyroidism during pregnancy from India with prevalence rate ranging from 4.8% to 11%, Subclinical Hypothyroidism is as high as 13.5 % women. Aim & Objective: To study the incidence of sub clinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy and its outcome both in fetus and mother.  Material & Method: This prospective study with 50 patients  has been conducted from October 2019 to September 2021, in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at VIMSAR Burla after getting clearance from the institutional ethical committee. Observation: The Incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was found to be 0.58%. The Common association with maternal complications were preeclampsia (4%), preterm labour (22%), and anti partum haemorrhage (2%).The most common association with  neonatal complication observed were low birth weight, intra uterine growth retardation, poor APGAR score, RDS and perinatal deaths. Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism requires special consideration because pregnancy induces major changes in thyroid function and maternal thyroid disease can have adverse effect on pregnancy and fetus. Replacement therapy with L-thyroxin is the treatment of choice in hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism.

Background: Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis has in the recent past been regrouped into immune complex-mediated (ICM MPGN) disease (driven by the classical complement pathway) and complement-mediated (C3GN) disease (driven by the alternative complement pathway) based on pathogenetic role of alternative complement pathway and immunofluorescence deposits. The proposed regrouping lent therapeutic and prognostic support in managing the disease of MPGN. Aims and Objectives: The present study is undertaken to study the patterns of MPGN based on histopathological and DIF examination and sub-categorize the cases into mainly complement dominant and immune complex-mediated diseases for better prognostic and therapeutic utility. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care center over a period of 2 yrs. The clinically suspected cases of MPGN were subjected to histopathologic and direct immunofluorescence examination (DIF), and the findings were interpreted in light of complement-mediated and immune complex-mediated MPGN. Results: Out of 620 renal biopsies, diagnosis of MPGN was confirmed both on histopathology and DIF in 36 cases accounting for 5.8% of all biopsies. Based on DIF findings, the various groups comprised 20 cases (55.6%) of immune complex deposits, 11 (30.5%) of C3 dominant picture, and 5 (13.9%) of Nil immune deposits. On analysis of the patterns on DIF, 16 cases (80%) of C3 + Ig group and 6 (54.5%) of C3GN group showed predominantly MPGN pattern. Crescentic glomerulonephritis, global glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis were markedly observed in C3GN group. Conclusion: DIF is of immense prognostic and therapeutic value in managing cases of MPGN.